2024 INSC 502 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 4 OF 2021

THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL ...PLAINTIFF(S)

VERSUS

UNION OF INDIA ...DEFENDANT (S)

INDEX

Sl. No. Particulars Para Nos.

I. INTRODUCTION 1-3

II. SUBMISSIONS OF DEFENDANT 4-14

III. SUBMISSIONS OF PLAINTIFF 15-21

IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

a. Supreme Court Rules, 2013

b. Article 131 of the Constitution

22-31

22-29

30-31

V. JUDICIAL PRECEDENTS

a. State of Bihar v. Union of India

b. State of Rajasthan v. Union of

India

32-43

32-33

34-43

VI. CONSIDERATION

a. Reading of the Plaint

b. Scheme of the DSPE Act

c. Power of superintendence of the

Central Government

d. Interpretation of the term

“subject to the provisions of this

Constitution”

e. Suppression of material fact

f. Cause of action of the suit

44-83

44-51

52-66

67

68-77

78-79

80-83

VII. CONCLUSION 84

2

J U D G M E N T

B.R. GAVAI, J.

I. INTRODUCTION:

1. The present suit has been filed by the State of West

Bengal against Union of India seeking the following reliefs:

i. “Pass a Judgment and Decree declaring that

registration of cases by the Defendant after

withdrawal of Notification under Section 6 of

the DSPE Act by the Plaintiff is

unconstitutional and non-est;

ii. Pass Judgment and Decree thereby restraining

and forbearing the Defendant from registering

any case and/or investigating a case in

connection with offences committed within the

territory of State of West Bengal after

withdrawal of the consent under Section 6 of

the DSPE Act by the State;

iii. Pass a Judgment and Decree declaring that

the action of the Defendant in registering cases

by the Defendant after withdrawal of

Notification under Section 6 of the DSPE Act

by the Plaintiff is violative of Constitution of

India as well as violative of the basic structure

of the Constitution and the principle of

federalism;

iv. Pass a Judgment and Decree thereby quashing

all cases registered by the Defendant after

withdrawal of Notification under Section 6 of

the DSPE Act by the Plaintiff and transmit

those records to the Plaintiff for registration of

regular cases by the police force of the

Plaintiff;

v. Ad-interim order restraining the Defendant

from proceeding with any investigation on an

3

FIR and any proceeding arising therefrom,

registered after November 16, 2018 when the

consent under Section 6 of the DSPE Act was

withdrawn by the Plaintiff, other than

investigation with respect to an FIR

filed/registered on an order of a competent

court of law;

vi. Pass a Judgment and Decree granting such

other and further reliefs that are deemed fit in

the facts and circumstances of the case.”

2. On filing of the suit, preliminary objections have been

raised by the defendant – Union of India with regard to the

maintainability of the present suit. Through this judgment,

we have dealt with the contentions of the parties on the

aspect of maintainability.

3. For the consideration of the present issue of

maintainability, we have heard Shri Tushar Mehta, learned

Solicitor General of India appearing on behalf of the

defendant-Union of India and Shri Kapil Sibal, Shri Abhishek

Manu Singhvi and Shri Bishwajit Bhattacharya, learned

Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the plaintiff-State of

West Bengal.

II. SUBMISSIONS OF DEFENDANT :

4. The basic objection with regard to tenability of the suit

is based on Article 131 of the Constitution of India (for short,

4

“the Constitution”). The learned Solicitor General submitted

that, upon interpretation of Article 131 of the Constitution, it

is clear that the provisions of Article 131 of the Constitution

are subject to the other provisions of the Constitution. He

therefore submitted that, since the issue involved in the

present lis is also an issue arising in certain appeals pending

before this Court, under Article 136 of the Constitution, a

fresh suit under Article 131 of the Constitution would not be

tenable. It is submitted that the term “subject to the

provisions of this Constitution” has to be interpreted as

“subject to the other provisions of the Constitution including

Article 136”. It is therefore submitted that, since the issue

with regards to the same subject matter is pending before

this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution, a suit for

the same purpose under Article 131 of the Constitution is

barred.

5. The learned Solicitor General further submitted that, in

various proceedings filed either under Article 226 before the

High Court or under Article 136 of the Constitution wherein

the State of West Bengal is a party, the question with regards

to the jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (for

5

short “CBI”) to investigate cases within the State of West

Bengal after 16

th November 2018, i.e., the date on which the

consent under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police

Establishment Act, 1946 (hereinafter referred to as “DSPE

Act”) was withdrawn arises for consideration.

6. While making a reference to the term “subject to the

provisions of this Constitution” in Article 131 of the

Constitution, the learned Solicitor General submitted that,

since the subject matter of the present suit is also pending

before this Court or the High Courts under Article 136 or 226

of the Constitution respectively, the present suit would not

be tenable.

7. The learned Solicitor General further submitted that,

perusal of the entire matter would reveal that, taking the

averments in the plaint at its face value, it can be seen that

no cause of action has been made out against the defendant

to the suit i.e. the Union of India. Shri Mehta submitted that

all the reliefs including declaration of the registration of cases

being unconstitutional, restraining and forbearing the

defendant from registering any case etc., are all related to the

CBI. It is submitted that the cases referred to in the plaint

6

are registered at the instance of the CBI and the Union of

India has no role to play. It is submitted that, though the

reliefs are claimed against the CBI, it has not been made a

party to the suit and that this has been rightly done

inasmuch as if the CBI was made a party, the suit would not

have been maintainable under Article 131 of the

Constitution. It is submitted that, since the defendant has

no role to play in the registration of cases; even if the suit is

decreed, the said decree would remain unenforceable against

the present defendant. Reliance in this respect is placed on

the judgments of this Court in the cases of Mumbai

International Airport Private Limited v. Regency

Convention Centre and Hotels Private Limited and

Others

1 and Ram Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh and

Others

2. It is therefore submitted that the present suit is

liable to be dismissed on the ground of misjoinder or non-

joinder of parties.

8. The learned Solicitor General further submitted that the

present suit is also liable to be dismissed on the ground of

non-laying down of the factual foundation in the suit. It is

1

(2010) 7 SCC 417 : 2010 INSC 362

2

2022 SCC OnLine SC 1312 : 2022 INSC 1032

7

submitted that, unless there is a factual basis in the suit

itself, no legal arguments arising therefrom can be

entertained. Reliance in this respect is placed on the

judgment of this Court in the case of D.M. Deshpande and

Others v. Janardhan Kashinath Kadam (Dead) By LRs

and Others

3 and the judgment of the Privy Council in the

case of Attorney-General of the Colony of Fiji v. J.P. Bayly

Limited

4.

9. Shri Mehta further submitted that, Article 131 of the

Constitution clearly provides as to who can be parties to the

suit under Article 131 of the Constitution. He submitted

that, even for a moment, if it is assumed that CBI is an

instrumentality of the State under Article 12 of the

Constitution, still the suit would not be maintainable. It is

submitted that the expanded meaning given to the term

‘State’ under Article 12 of the Constitution cannot be made

applicable to the term ‘Union’ or ‘State’ mentioned under

Article 131 of the Constitution. Reliance in this respect is

placed on the Constitution Bench judgments of this Court in

the cases of State of Bihar v. Union of India and

3

(1998) 8 SCC 315 : 1998 INSC 425

4

1949 SCC OnLine PC 76

8

Another

5, State of Rajasthan and Others v. Union of

India and Others

6 and Tashi Delek Gaming Solutions

Limited and Another v. State of Karnataka and Others

7.

10. The learned Solicitor General further submitted that the

dispute, at the most, is between the State of West Bengal and

the CBI. Reliance in this respect is placed on the judgment of

this Court in the case of National Textile Corporation

Limited v. Nareshkumar Badrikumar Jagad and

Others

8.

11. Relying on the judgment of this Court in the case of

Vineet Narain and Others v. Union of India and

Another

9, the learned Solicitor General further submitted

that the responsibility of superintendence over the CBI’s

functioning has been entrusted with the Central Vigilance

Commission (for short “CVC”). It is submitted that CVC is an

independent body appointed by an independent collegium. It

is submitted that this Court has clearly emphasized that the

CBI has to be viewed as a non-partisan agency. It is

submitted that no control is vested with the Central

5

(1970) 1 SCC 67 : 1969 INSC 253

6

(1977) 3 SCC 592 : 1977 INSC 143

7

(2006) 1 SCC 442 : 2005 INSC 607

8

(2011) 12 SCC 695 : 2011 INSC 651

9

(1998) 1 SCC 226 : 1997 INSC 826

9

Government insofar as CBI is concerned. The learned

Solicitor General submitted that Section 8 of the Central

Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 (hereinafter referred to as

“CVC Act”) would make it clear that the CBI is under

superintendence of the CVC and not the Union of India. He

submitted that the proviso to Section 8(1)(b) of the CVC Act

makes it clear that even the CVC is not empowered to

exercise powers in such a manner so as to require the Delhi

Special Police Establishment (for short, “DSPE”) to investigate

or dispose of any case in a particular manner. It is

submitted that this Court, in the case of Centre for Public

Interest Litigation and Others v. Union of India and

Others

10 held that the power of superintendence can neither

be used by the CVC for interfering with the manner and

method of investigation by the CBI nor can the CBI be

directed to exercise its powers in a particular manner.

12. The learned Solicitor General further submitted that

Section 4 of the DSPE Act would also clearly reveal that the

administration of the CBI is with the CVC and not the Union

of India.

10

(2012) 3 SCC 104 : 2012 INSC 68

10

13. Shri Mehta further submitted that the plaintiff has

suppressed the material fact that most of the cases stated in

the plaint have been registered on the directions of the High

Court issued under Article 226 of the Constitution. He

submitted that, under Order XXVI Rule 9 of the Supreme

Court Rules, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as “SC Rules”), the

plaintiff, when he sues upon a document in his possession, is

required to deliver such document or a copy thereof with the

plaint and under Order XXVI Rule 10 of the SC Rules, the

plaintiff, when he relies on any other documents (whether in

his possession or power or not) as evidence in support of his

claim, is required to enter such documents in a list to be

added or annexed to the plaint. It is submitted that,

admittedly, the requirements under Order XXVI Rules 9 and

10 of SC Rules have not been fulfilled in the present plaint.

Relying on the judgment of this Court in the case of S.P.

Chengalvaraya Naidu (Dead) by LRs. v. Jagannath (Dead)

by LRs. and Others

11, it is submitted that when a party

withholds a vital document in order to gain advantage on the

other side, then such a party would be guilty of playing fraud

11

(1994) 1 SCC 1 : 1993 INSC 344

11

on the court as well as on the opposite party. He therefore

submitted that, on this short ground alone, the suit is liable

to be dismissed. In addition to S.P. Chengalvaraya Naidu

(Dead) by LRs. (supra), reliance is placed on the judgments

of this Court in the cases of Atma Linga Reddy and Others

v. Union of India and Others

12 and Kazi Lhendup Dorji v.

Central Bureau of Investigation and Others

13. It is

therefore submitted that, in view of Order XXVI Rule 6 of the

SC Rules, the plaint is liable to be rejected.

14. In response to the contention of the plaintiff regarding

the defendant not filing an application under Order VII Rule

11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred

to as “CPC”) is concerned, it is submitted that the defendant

has taken preliminary objections with regard to the

maintainability of the suit itself and therefore there is no

substance with regard to the said submission of the plaintiff.

III. SUBMISSIONS OF PLAINTIFF :

15. Shri Sibal, on the contrary submitted that, for

considering the question as to whether the suit is

maintainable or not, only the averments made in the plaint

12

(2008) 7 SCC 788 : 2008 INSC 805

13

1994 Supp (2) SCC 116 : 1994 INSC 129

12

will have to be taken into consideration. It is submitted that,

only the averments made in the plaint can be considered to

decide as to whether the plaint discloses any cause of action

or not. It is submitted that, perusal of the averments made

in the plaint would clearly reveal that a cause of action has

been made out against the defendant – Union of India. It is

submitted that, perusal of Section 2 of the DSPE Act would

reveal that it is the Central Government that is empowered to

constitute a special police force to be called the DSPE for the

investigation of offences notified under Section 3 of the DSPE

Act. It is submitted that, perusal of Section 3 of the DSPE Act

would also reveal that it is the Central Government that is

empowered to specify the offences or classes of offences

which are to be investigated by the DSPE. He submitted

that, perusal of sub-section (1) of Section 4 of the DSPE Act

would reveal that the superintendence of the DSPE vests with

the CVC only for the investigation of offences committed

under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (hereinafter

referred to as “PC Act”). He submitted that sub-section (2) of

Section 4 clearly reveals that, except what has been provided

in sub-section (1) thereof, the superintendence of DSPE in all

13

other matters shall vest with the Central Government. He

submitted that sub-section (3) of Section 4 would reveal that

the administration of the said police establishment shall vest

in an officer appointed in this behalf by the Central

Government and that such an officer, in respect of the CBI, is

entitled to exercise powers exercisable by an Inspector -

General of Police in respect of the police force in a State.

16. Shri Sibal further submitted that sub-section (1) of

Section 5 of the DSPE Act would reveal that it is only the

Central Government that is empowered to extend to any area

(including Railway areas) in a State, the powers and

jurisdiction of members of the CBI for the investigation of any

offences or classes of offences specified in a notification

under Section 3 of the DSPE Act. He submitted that under

sub-section (2) of Section 5, a member of the CBI may, when

by an order under sub-section (1) thereof, the powers and

jurisdiction of the CBI are extended to any such area,

discharge the functions of a police officer in that area.

However, this is again subject to any orders which the

Central Government may make in this behalf. It is submitted

that, perusal of sub-section (3) thereof would reveal that any

14

member of CBI of or above the rank of Sub -Inspector is

entitled to exercise the powers of the officer in charge of a

police station in that area and when so exercising such

powers, shall be deemed to be an officer in charge of a police

station discharging the functions of such an officer within the

limits of his station. This is again subject to the orders

which the Central Government may make in that behalf. It is

therefore submitted that the provisions of the DSPE Act

would reveal that CBI cannot be said to be an

instrumentality of a State by giving an expanded meaning to

the term ‘State’ in Article 12 of the Constitution but is one of

the organs of the Union of India through which it derives

powers to investigate offences.

17. It is further submitted that the power available with the

Central Government for extension of the jurisdiction of CBI to

other areas is subject to the consent of such State

Government under Section 6 of the DSPE Act. It is therefore

submitted that if consent is given by a State and

subsequently withdrawn, then the CBI will not have

jurisdiction to exercise the powers in that State.

15

18. Shri Sibal submitted that grant of consent under

Section 6 of the DSPE Act is a privilege. It is the discretion of

the State as to whether such a privilege is to be granted or

not. He submitted that the cause of action in the present

suit is that, after withdrawal of the consent which was

granted under Section 6 of the DSPE Act by the plaintiff, the

Central Government has no jurisdiction to authorize

investigating agency (CBI) to register cases in the State of

West Bengal.

19. Shri Sibal further submitted that the interpretation

sought to be given by the defendant to the words “subject to

the provisions of this Constitution” as appearing in Article

131 of the Constitution is incorrect. It is submitted that the

correct interpretation would be that when there is some other

provision in the Constitution prohibiting this Court from

exercising its jurisdiction, then a suit under Article 131 of the

Constitution would not be tenable. He refers to Articles 262

and 279A(11) of the Constitution in this regard. He submits

that the words “subject to the provisions of this Constitution”

would not make the present suit non-maintainable.

16

20. Dealing with the arguments of the learned Solicitor

General on Order XXVI Rule 6 of the SC Rules, Shri Sibal

submitted that the plaint can be rejected only when it either

does not disclose a cause of action or where the suit appears

from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law. It

is submitted that neither of the grounds is available in the

present case. Insofar as the argument with regard to Order

XXVI Rules 9 and 10 of the SC Rules are concerned, Shri

Sibal submitted that there is sufficient compliance with

regard to the said provisions.

21. With regard to the allegations regarding suppression,

Shri Sibal submitted that, out of so many instances listed in

the plaint, only one or two cases are registered under the

directions of the High Court. It is therefore submitted that

there is no material suppression as alleged. Shri Sibal

therefore pressed for rejection of the preliminary objections

raised by the learned Solicitor General.

IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK :

a. Supreme Court Rules, 2013

22. For appreciating the rival submissions, it will be

relevant to refer to Order XXVI Rule 6 of the SC Rules, which

17

reads thus:

“Order XXVI

Plaints

…………

6. The plaint shall be rejected:-

(a) where it does not disclose a cause of action;

(b) where the suit appears from the statement in the

plaint to be barred by any law.”

23. It can thus be seen that a plaint is liable to be rejected

where it does not disclose a cause of action or where the suit

appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any

law.

24. As such, it could be seen that the provisions in Order

XXVI Rule 6 (a) and (b) are analogous to the provisions in

clauses (a) and (d) of Order VII Rule 11 of the CPC.

25. It is a settled position of law that, for considering

objections under Order VII Rule 11 (a) and (d) of the CPC,

what needs to be looked into is only the averments made in

the plaint. It is well settled that if the averments made in the

plaint are germane then the pleas taken by the defendant in

the written statement would be wholly irrelevant at this

stage. Reference in this respect could be made to the

18

judgments of this Court in the cases of Saleem Bhai and

Others v. State of Maharashtra and Others

14, Sopan

Sukhdeo Sable and Others v. Assistant Charity

Commissioner and Others

15, Bhau Ram v. Janak Singh

and Others

16 and Chhotanben and Another v. Kirtibhai

Jalkrushnabhai Thakkar and Others

17.

26. In view of the word ‘shall’ used in the provisions, a duty

is cast on the court to examine as to whether the plaint is hit

by any of the infirmities provided in the six clauses of Order

VII Rule 11 of the CPC. A duty is cast on the court to reject

the plaint even without the intervention of the defendant.

Reference in this respect could be made to the judgment of

this Court in the case of Sopan Sukhdeo Sable (supra).

27. It is further settled that the averments made in the

plaint have to be read as a whole and not in isolation.

Reference in this respect could be made to the judgment of

this Court in the case of Kirtibhai Jalkrushnabhai

Thakkar (supra).

14

(2003) 1 SCC 557 : 2002 INSC 554

15

(2004) 3 SCC 137 : 2004 INSC 56

16

(2012) 8 SCC 701 : 2012 INSC 293

17

(2018) 6 SCC 422 : 2018 INSC 319

19

28. As already discussed hereinabove, the provisions under

Order XXVI Rule 6 of the SC Rules are analogous to Order VII

Rule 11 (a) and (d) of the CPC. We will have to therefore

consider the preliminary objections as raised by the

defendant in the light of the aforesaid legal provisions.

29. As already observed hereinabove, the word ‘shall’ casts

a duty upon the court to consider as to whether the plaint is

hit by any of the infirmities mentioned in the provision even

without the intervention of the defendant. As such, we do

not find any force in the submission of the plaintiff that the

objections could not be considered in the absence of an

application for the rejection of plaint filed by the defendant

under Order XXVI Rule 6 of the SC Rules.

b. Article 131 of the Constitution:

30. It will be apposite to refer to Article 131 of the

Constitution, which reads thus:

“131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme

Court.- Subject to the provisions of this

Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the

exclusion of any other court, have original

jurisdiction in any dispute-

(a) between the Government of India and

one or more States; or

20

(b) between the Government of India and

any State or States on one side and one

or more other States on the other; or

(c) between two or more States,

if and in so far as the dispute involves any question

(whether of law or fact) on which the existence or

extent of a legal right depends:

Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend

to a dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement,

covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar

instrument which, having been entered into or

executed before the commencement of this

Constitution, continues in operation after such

commencement, or which provides that the said

jurisdiction shall not extend to such a dispute.”

31. It is thus clear that the jurisdiction of this Court,

subject to the provisions of the Constitution, is to the

exclusion of any other court. The jurisdiction has to be

exercised for any dispute either between the Government of

India and one or more States; or between the Government of

India and any State or States on one side and one or more

other States on the other; or between two or more States. The

jurisdiction is also limited insofar as the dispute involves any

question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or

extent of legal right depends.

21

V. JUDICIAL PRECEDENTS:

a. State of Bihar v. Union of India:

32. The learned Solicitor General relied on the Constitution

Bench judgment of this Court in the case of State of Bihar

v. Union of India and Another (supra). In the said case,

the State of Bihar had filed 9 suits against the Union of India

who was the first defendant in all of the said suits. Whereas

in 6 suits, the second defendant was Hindustan Steel Limited

and in 3 others, the second defendant was Indian Iron and

Steel Company Limited. The cause of action in all the said

suits was that “due to the negligence or deliberate action of

the servants of both defendants, there was a shortage in the

delivery of iron and steel material ordered by the plaintiff to

various sites in the State of Bihar in connection with the

construction work of the Gandak Project”. It will be relevant

to refer to the following observations made in the said

judgment:

“3. Clauses (a), (b) and (c) of the article specify the

parties who can appear as disputants before this

Court. Under clause (a) it is the Government of

India and one or more States; under clause (b) it is

the Government of India and one or more States on

one side and one or more other States on the other,

while under clause (c) the parties can be two or

22

more States without the Government of India being

involved in the dispute. The specification of the

parties is not of an inclusive kind. The express

words of clauses (a), (b) and (c) exclude the idea

of a private citizen, a firm or a corporation

figuring as disputant either alone or even along

with a State or with the Government of India in

the category of a party to the dispute. There is no

scope for suggesting that a private citizen, a firm or

a corporation can be arrayed as a party by itself on

one side and one or more States including the

Government of India on the other. Nor is there

anything in the article which suggests a claim being

made by or preferred against a private party jointly

or in the alternative with a State or the Government

of India. The framers of the Constitution appear

not to have contemplated the case of a dispute

in which a private citizen, a firm or a

corporation is in any way involved as a fit

subject for adjudication by this Court under its

exclusive original jurisdiction conferred by

Article 131.

…………..

9. So far as the proceedings of the Joint Committee

on Indian Constitutional Reform and the report of

the Committee on the same are concerned, they

make it clear that the object of conferring

exclusive original jurisdiction on the Federal

Court was that the disputes of the kinds

specified between the Federation and the

Provinces as the constituent units of the

Federation, should not be left to be decided by

courts of law of a particular unit but be

adjudicated upon only by the highest tribunal in

the land which would be beyond the influence of

any one constituent unit.

10. Although Article 131 does not defines the scope

of the disputes which this Court may be called upon

to determine in the same way as Section 204 of the

Government of India Act, and we do not find it

necessary to do so this much is certain that the

23

legal right which is the subject of dispute must

arise in the context of the constitution and the

Federalism it sets up. However, there can be no

doubt that so far as the parties to the dispute

are concerned, the framers of the Constitution

did intend that they could only be the

constituent units of the Union of India and the

Government of India itself arrayed on one side

or the other either singly or jointly with another

unit or the Government of India.

………………

18. It was argued by counsel on behalf of the State

of Bihar that so far as the Hindustan Steel Limited,

is concerned it is “State” and the suits in which the

Government of India along with Hindustan Steel

Limited, have been impleaded are properly filed

within Article 131 of the Constitution triable by this

Court in its original jurisdiction. Reference was

made to the case of Rajasthan State Electricity

Board v. Mohan Lal [1967 3 SCR 377] . There the

question arose between certain persons who were

permanent employees of the Government of the

State of Rajasthan and later placed at the disposal

of the State Electricity Board and one of the

questions was whether the appellant Board could be

held to be “State” as defined in Article 12. This

Court by a majority held that the Board was “other

authority” within the meaning of Article 12 and

therefore was a “state” to which appropriate

directions could be given under Articles 226 and

227 of the Constitution. It will be noted that

under Article 12 all local or other authorities

within the territory of India or under the control

of the Government of India are “States” for

purposes of Part III which defines and deals with

the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the

Constitution. The expression “the State” has the

same meaning in Part IV of the Constitution

under Article 36. No reason was shown as to why

the enlarged definition of “State” given in Parts III

and IV of the Constitution would be attracted to

24

Article 131 of the Constitution and in our opinion

a body like the Hindustan Steel Limited cannot

be considered to be “a State” for the purpose of

Article 131 of the Constitution.”

[emphasis supplied]

33. It could be seen that this Court held that the express

words of clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Article 131 of the

Constitution exclude the idea of a private citizen, a firm or a

corporation figuring as a disputant either alone or even along

with a State or with the Government of India in the category

of a party to the dispute. It has been held that the framers of

the Constitution did not contemplate a dispute in which a

private citizen, a firm or a corporation is in any way involved

as a fit subject for adjudication by this Court under its

exclusive original jurisdiction conferred by Article 131 of the

Constitution. It further observed that the legal right which is

the subject of dispute must arise in the context of the

Constitution and the Federalism it sets up. It has been

unequivocally held that there can be no doubt that so far as

the parties to the dispute are concerned, the framers of the

Constitution did intend that they could only be the

constituent units of the Union of India and the Government

of India itself arrayed on one side or the other, either singly

25

or jointly with another unit or the Government of India. The

Court then observed that, under Article 12 of the

Constitution, all local or other authorities within the territory

of India or under the control of the Government of India are

“States” for purposes of Part III of the Constitution which

defines and deals with the Fundamental Rights enshrined in

the Constitution. It further observed that the expression “the

State” has the same meaning as in Part IV of the Constitution

under Article 36. It therefore observed that a body like the

Hindustan Steel Limited cannot be considered to be “a State”

for the purpose of Article 131 of the Constitution. A strong

reliance has been placed on these observations by the

learned Solicitor General.

b. State of Rajasthan v. Union of India:

34. The learned Solicitor General strongly relies on the

judgment of this Court in the case of State of Rajasthan

and Others v. Union of India and Others (supra). The

brief facts of the said case are as under:

“In the elections held in March, 1977, the Janata

party had secured overwhelming majority in the Lok

Sabha. In some of the States, the Congress was

continuing in power. In view of the complete and

unequivocal rejection of the Congress Party, the

26

Union Home Minister addressed a communication

on 18

th April 1977 to nine States asking them to

advise their respective Governors to dissolve the

Assemblies and seek a fresh mandate from the

people. Some of the States had filed suits before the

Supreme Court praying for a declaration that the

letter of the Union Home Minister was illegal and

ultra vires of the Constitution of India and not

binding on the plaintiffs and prayed for an interim

injunction restraining the Central Government from

restoring to Article 356 of the Constitution.

Preliminary objections were raised on behalf of the

defendant – Union of India against the

maintainability of the suits under Article 131 of the

Constitution of India. The preliminary objections

were raised on two grounds. The first was that

under Article 131 of the Constitution of India, the

‘State’ and not the ‘State Government’ should be a

party. The second was that the present matter did

not involve a legal dispute.”

35. It will be apposite to refer to the following paragraphs of

the said judgment of Y.V. Chandrachud, J. (as His Lordship

then was):

“108. The absence of the expression “State

Government” and the use in its place of the

expression “State” in Article 131, is said to

furnish intrinsic evidence that for a suit to fall

under that article, the dispute must arise

between the Government of India and a State,

not between the Government of India and the

Government of a State. The intrinsic evidence, it is

argued, assumes greater credibility in the context

that the article does employ the expression

“Government of India” when what was meant was

the government, as contra distinguished from the

State. The presence of the particular expressions in

Article 131 does not, in my opinion, support the

27

inference suggested on behalf of the Union of India.

The use of the phrase “Government of India” in

Article 131(a) and (b) does not mean that one party

to the dispute has to be the Government of the day

at the Centre. “Government of India” means “Union

of India” because if there be merit in the logic that

Article 131 does not comprehend disputes in which

the Government of a State as contrasted with the

State itself is interested, it must follow that

correspondingly, the “Government of India” too

cannot mean the Government for the time being in

power at the Centre. The true construction of Article

131(a), true in substance and true pragmatically, is

that a dispute must arise between the Union of

India and a State.

109. This may sound paradoxical because if the

preliminary objection is unsustainable, it would be

easier to say that the expression “Government of

India” means “Government in office” and the

expression “State” means the State as a polity and

not “the Government in Office”. But convenient

interpretations are apt to blur the significance of

issues involved for interpretations. Therefore, the

effort has to be to accept what the words truly mean

and to work out the constitutional scheme as it may

reasonably be assumed to have been conceived.

110. The dispute between the Union of India and

a State cannot but be a dispute which arises out

of the differences between the Government in

office at the Centre and the Government in

office in the State. “In office” means “in power” but

the use of the latter expression may prudently be

avoided with the realisation of what goes with

power. But there is a further prerequisite which

narrows down the ambit of the class of disputes

which fall within Article 131. That requirement is

that the dispute must involve a question, whether of

law or fact, on which the existence or extent of a

legal right depends. It is this qualification which

affords the true guide for determining whether a

particular dispute is comprehended within Article

28

131. Mere wrangles between governments have

no place in the scheme of that article. They have

to be resolved elsewhere and by means less solemn

and sacrosanct than a court proceeding. The

purpose of Article 131 is to afford a forum for

the resolution of disputes which depend for their

decision on the existence or extent of a legal

right. It is only when a legal, not a mere

political, issue arises touching upon the

existence or extent of a legal right that Article

131 is attracted.

…………..

113. I find it difficult to accept that the State as

a polity is not entitled to raise a dispute of this

nature. In a federation, whether classical or

quasi-classical, the States are vitally interested

in the definition of the powers of the Federal

Government on one hand and their own on the

other. A dispute bearing upon the delineation of

those powers is precisely the one in which the

federating States, no less than the Federal

Government itself, are interested. The States,

therefore, have the locus and the interest to

contest and seek an adjudication of the claim

set up by the Union Government. The bond of

constitutional obligation between the

Government of India and the States sustains

that locus.

114. The expression “legal right” which occurs in

Article 131 has to be understood in its proper

perspective. In a strict sense, legal rights are

correlative of legal duties and are defined as

interests which the law protects by imposing

corresponding duties on others. But in a generic

sense, the word “right” is used to mean an

immunity from the legal power of another: immunity

is exemption from the power of another in the same

way as liberty is exemption from the right of

another. Immunity, in short, is “no-subjection”. [

Salmond's Jurisprudence 11th Edn. pp. 276 -7]

R.W.M. Dias says in his “Jurisprudence” (1976 Edn.,

29

pp. 33-4) that the word “right” has undergone

successive shifts in meaning and connotes four

different ideas concerning the activity, or potential

activity, of one person with reference to another.

One of these four jural relationships, according to

the learned Author, is the “you cannot” relationship,

which is the same thing as the right of immunity

which “denotes freedom from the power of another”

(p. 58). Paton's book on Jurisprudence (3rd Edn. p.

256) contains a similar exposition of legal rights.

The legal right of the States consists in their

immunity, in the sense of freedom from the

power of the Union Government. They are

entitled, under Article 131, to assert that right

either by contending in the absolute that the

Centre has no power to dissolve the Legislative

Assemblies or with the qualification that such a

power cannot be exercised on the ground stated.

115. It is true that the State, like the British

Monarch, never dies. A Legislative Assembly may be

dissolved, a Council of Ministers may go out of

power, the President's rule may be introduced or

imposed, or an emergency may be declared which

can conceivably affect the States' powers in matters

legislative and executive. The State survives these

upheavals. But it is constitutionally unsound to

say that the State, as a political entity, has no

legal interest in such cataclysmic events and no

legal rights to assert in relation thereto. Were it

so, which then are the legal rights which the

State, as distinguished from its Government, can

agitate under Article 131? Whatever be the

nature of the claim, the argument can always be

put forward that the Government, not the State,

is interested in making that claim. Such a rigid

interpretation of the scope of Article 131 will

virtually reduce it to a dead-letter and destroy a

precious safeguard against the use of arbitrary

power. The interpretation canvassed by the learned

Additional Solicitor General must, therefore, be

avoided, Insofar as the language of the article

permits it which in my opinion it does.

30

……….

117. The judgment of this Court in State of

Bihar v. Union of India [(1970) 1 SCC 67 : (1970) 2

SCR 522] affords no real assistance on the question

arising before us. In that case, the Court raised

three issues in the suits filed under Article 131. The

first issue which related to the question whether the

suits were within the scope of Article 131 was not

answered by the Court because it held on the

second issue that the suits were not maintainable,

since a private party was impleaded thereto. The

only assistance which may be derived from the

judgment in that case is that it said that the

disputes under Article 131 should be “in respect of

legal rights and not disputes of a political character”

and that though it was unnecessary to define the

scope of Article 131, “this much is certain that

the legal right which is the subject of dispute

must arise in the context of the Constitution

and the Federalism it sets up” (p. 529). These

observations do not affect the construction which I

have placed on Article 131. I have endeavoured to

show that it is competent to the State

Governments to bring suits of the present nature

under that article and that by these suits, the

State Governments are raising a legal, not a

political, issue. Their assertion is that the

Government of India does not possess the

constitutional power claimed by it and therefore,

this Court should declare that they are immune

from the exercise of that power. The States

assert their legal right of immunity which, as

explained above, denotes freedom from the

power of another.”

[emphasis supplied]

36. It could thus be seen that Justice Chandrachud

observed that the true construction of Article 131(a), true in

31

substance and true pragmatically, is that a dispute must

arise between the Union of India and a State. His Lordship

further observed that the dispute between the Union of India

and a State cannot but be a dispute which arises out of the

differences between the Government in office at the Centre

and the Government in office in the State. It was further

held that the further requirement for a dispute to fall within

the ambit of the classes of disputes under Article 131 of the

Constitution is that the dispute must involve a question,

whether of law or fact, on which the existence or extent of a

legal right depends. It was further observed that mere

wrangles between governments have no place in the scheme

of that article. His Lordship further held that the purpose of

Article 131 is to afford a forum for the resolution of disputes

which depend for their decision on the existence or extent of

a legal right. It has been held that it is only when a legal, not

a mere political issue arises touching upon the existence or

extent of a legal right that Article 131 of the Constitution is

attracted.

37. Justice Chandrachud specifically reject ed the

contention that the State as a polity was not entitled to raise

32

a dispute of the nature raised herein. His Lordship observed

that in a federation, whether classical or quasi-classical, the

States are vitally interested in the definition of the powers of

the Federal Government on one hand and their own on the

other. A dispute bearing upon the delineation of those powers

is precisely the one in which the federating States, no less

than the Federal Government itself, are interested. It was

also observed that the States therefore have the locus and

the interest to contest and seek an adjudication of the claim

set up by the Union Government. The bond of constitutional

obligation between the Government of India and the States

sustains that locus. His Lordship further observed that the

legal right of the States consists in their immunity, in the

sense of freedom from the power of the Union Government. It

has been held that the States are entitled, under Article 131,

to assert that right either by contending in the absolute that

the Centre has no power to dissolve the Legislative

Assemblies or with the qualification that such a power

cannot be exercised on the ground stated. It has been held

that it is constitutionally unsound to say that the State, as a

political entity, has no legal interest in such cataclysmic

33

events and no legal rights to assert in relation thereto. The

Court specifically rejected the argument on the rigid

interpretation of the scope of Article 131 and observed that if

such an interpretation was to be accepted, it would virtually

reduce it to a dead-letter and destroy a precious safeguard

against the use of arbitrary power.

38. After referring to the judgment in the case of State of

Bihar v. Union of India and Another (supra), His Lordship

observed that, in the said case, the Court held that on the

second issue, the suits were not maintainable since a private

party was impleaded thereto. His Lordship further observed

that the only assistance that could be derived from the said

judgment was that the disputes under Article 131 should be

“in respect of legal rights and not disputes of a political

character”. His Lordship further observed that the assertion

of the States was that the Government of India did not

possess the constitutional power claimed by it and therefore,

this Court should declare that they are immune from such

exercise of that power.

39. With the aforesaid observations, the Court rejected the

preliminary objections with regard to maintainability of the

34

suits therein. Justice Chandrachud, further observed thus:

“138. That takes us to the question of

maintainability of the suits. There are six suits

before us filed by the States of Rajasthan, Madhya

Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh and

Orissa. Each of these suits has been filed under

Article 131 of the Constitution. This Article confers

original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, to the

exclusion of all other courts, in respect of certain

categories of suits and is in the following terms:

“131. Subject to the provisions of this

Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to

the exclusion of any other court, have

original jurisdiction in any dispute—

(a) between the Government of India

and or more States; or

(b) between the Government of India

and any State or States on one side

and one or more other States on the

other; or

(c) between two or more States,

if and insofar as the dispute involves any

question (whether of law or fact) on which

the existence or extent of a legal right

depends:

Provided that the said jurisdiction shall

not extend to a dispute arising out of any

treaty, agreement, covenant,

engagement, sanad or other similar

instrument which having been entered

into or executed before the

commencement of the Constitution,

continues in operation after such

commencement, or which provides that

the said jurisdiction shall not extend to

such a dispute.”

There are two limitations in regard to the nature of

the suit which can be entertained by the Supreme

35

Court under this Article. One is in regard to parties

and the other is in regard to the subject-matter. The

Article provides in so many terms in clauses (a), (b)

and (c) that the dispute must be between the

Government of India and one or more States, or

between the Government of India and any other

State or States on one side and one or more other

States on the other, or between two or more States.

It does not contemplate any private party being

arrayed as a disputant on one side or the other.

The parties to the dispute must fall within one

or the other category specified in clauses (a), (b)

and (c). That was established by a decision of

this Court in State of Bihar v. Union of

India [(1970) 1 SCC 67 : (1970) 2 SCR 522] where

this Court pointed out:

“a dispute which falls within the ambit of

Article 131 can only be determined in the

forum mentioned therein, namely, the

Supreme Court of India, provided there

has not been impleaded in any said

dispute any private party, be it a citizen

or a firm or a corporation along with a

State either jointly or in the alternative. A

dispute in which such a private party is

involved must be brought before a court,

other than this court, having jurisdiction

over the matter.”

This is the limitation as to parties. The other

limitation as to subject-matter flows from the words

“if and insofar as the dispute involves any question

(whether of law or fact) on which the existence or

extent of a legal right depends”. These words clearly

indicate that the dispute must be one relating to a

legal right and not a dispute on the political plans

not based on a legal right, for instance, to take an

example given by Mr Seervai in his well known work

on “Constitutional Law of India” at p. 1385: “a claim

that a State project should be included in the Five-

Year Plan.” The dispute must, therefore, involve

assertion or vindication of a legal right of the

36

Government of India or a State. It is not necessary

that the right must be a constitutional right. All that

is necessary is that it must be a legal right. It is

true that in the State of Bihar v. Union of

India this Court, while discussing the scope of

the dispute which may be determined by the

Supreme Court under Article 131, happened to

make an observation that “this much is certain

that the legal right which is the subject of

dispute must arise in the context of the

Constitution and the federalism it sets up”. But

this observation, Insofar as it suggests that the

“legal right” must be one which arises under the

Constitution, goes much further than what the

language of Article 131 warrants. The Article speaks

only of “legal right” and does not qualify it by any

other words. It may be noted that the provision in

the corresponding Section 204 of the Government of

India Act, 1935 was significantly different. It

contained a proviso that the dispute must inter alia

concern the interpretation of the Government of

India Act, 1935 “or of an Order in Council made

thereunder or the extent of the legislative or

executive authority vested in the Federation by

virtue of the Instrument of Accession of that State”.

This provision has been deliberately and

designedly omitted in Article 131 and

now any legal right can be enforced by a suit in

the Supreme Court provided the parties fill the

character specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c). The

question which therefore requires to be

considered in determining the maintainability of

the suits is whether any legal right of the

States is sought to be vindicated in the suits. We

shall presently consider this question, but before

we do so, we must point out one other error in

which, with the greatest respect, the learned

Judges who decided the case of State of

Bihar v. Union of India seem to have fallen. They

held that in a suit under Article 131 the only order

which the Supreme Court could make was a

declaration adjudicating on the legal right claimed

37

in the suit and once such a declaration was given,

the function of the Supreme Court under Article

131 was at an end. If this conclusion were correct,

then obviously the present suits seeking permanent

injunction restraining the Government of India from

issuing a proclamation under Article 356 clause (1)

could not lie and equally no interim injunction

could be granted by this Court, but the learned

Additional Solicitor General, with his usual candour

and fairness, conceded that he was not in a position

to support this view. This view seems to be

erroneous and for two very good reasons. In the first

place, it overlooks the fact that whereas sub-section

(2) of Section 204 of the Government of India Act,

1935 provided that the Federal Court, in exercise of

its original jurisdiction, shall not pronounce any

judgment, other than a declaratory judgment, no

such provision limiting the power of the Supreme

Court in regard to the relief to be granted is to be

found in Article 131. The power of the Supreme

Court to grant relief in a suit under Article 131 is

not restricted only to “declaratory judgment”.

Secondly, as pointed out by Mr Seervai in his book

at p. 1385, “when a court is given exclusive

jurisdiction in respect of a dispute between the

parties, it is reasonable to hold that the Court has

power to resolve the whole dispute”, unless its

power is limited by express words or by necessary

implication. There is no such limitation in Article

131 and hence it is not correct to say that the

Supreme Court can only give a declaratory

judgment in a suit under Article 131. The Supreme

Court would have power to give whatever reliefs are

necessary for enforcement of the legal right claimed

in the suit if such legal right is established.”

[emphasis supplied]

40. It could thus be seen that His Lordship approved the

ratio in State of Bihar v. Union of India and Another

38

(supra) to the effect that the suit under Article 131 of the

Constitution does not contemplate any private party being

arrayed as a disputant on one side or the other. It held that

the parties to the dispute must fall within one or the other

category specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Article 131 of

the Constitution.

41. His Lordship disapproved the observations made in the

case of State of Bihar v. Union of India and Another

(supra) to the effect that “this much is certain that the legal

right which is the subject of dispute must arise in the context

of the Constitution and the federalism it sets up”. His

Lordship held that the suggestion that the legal right must be

one which arises under the Constitution, goes much further

than what the language of Article 131 of the Constitution

warrants.

42. Justice Chandrachud further pointed out that, under

the Government of India Act, 1935, Section 204 provided that

the dispute must inter alia concern the interpretation of the

Government of India Act, 1935 or of an Order in Council

made thereunder or the extent of the legislative or executive

authority vested in the Federation by virtue of the Instrument

39

of Accession of that State. It has been observed that the said

provisions have been deliberately and designedly omitted in

Article 131 of the Constitution and now any legal right can be

enforced by a suit in this Court provided the parties fill the

character specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Article 131 of

the Constitution. What is required to be considered is that in

determining the maintainability of the suits, whether any

legal right of the States is sought to be vindicated or not. His

Lordship, in paragraph 142, specifically observed that the

suits for consideration before it sought to enforce a legal right

of the States arising under the Constitution and the suits

could not be thrown out in limine as being outside the scope

and ambit of Article 131 of the Constitution. The same view

has been taken by Justice P.K. Goswami in paragraph 159

with regard to parties that may be impleaded in a suit under

Article 131 of the Constitution as well as with regard to the

subject matter of the litigation.

43. In the light of the law laid down in the case of State of

Rajasthan and Others v. Union of India and Others

(supra), which is a judgment of seven Judges of this Court,

we will have to examine the rival submissions.

40

VI. CONSIDERATION:

a. Reading of the Plaint:

44. As observed hereinabove, in a catena of judgments, it

has been held that for considering the preliminary objections,

only the averments made in the plaint are to be looked into to

determine as to whether a cause of action has been made out

or not. In that regard, it will be relevant to refer to some of

the paragraphs in the plaint, which read thus:

“3. Article 246(1) empowers the Parliament with

exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of

the matters enumerated in List I, Seventh Schedule

(known as the Union List). Entry 80, List I is

relevant in this regard:

“80. Extension of the powers and

jurisdiction of members of a police force

belonging to any State to any area outside

that State, but not so as to enable the

police of one State to exercise powers and

jurisdiction in any area outside that State

without the consent of the Government of

the State in which such area is situated;

extension of the powers and jurisdiction of

members of a police force belonging to any

State to railway areas outside that State.”

4. That the police powers come within the State’s

exclusive jurisdiction is also recognized in Article

246(3) of the Constitution, which provides that the

State has exclusive power to make laws for such

state for any of the matters enumerated in List II.

Specifically, of such matters, Entry 1 and Entry 2

are relevant which are:

“1. Public order (but not including the use

41

of any naval, military or air force or any

other armed force of the Union or of any

other force subject to the control of the

Union or of any contingent or unit thereof

in aid of the civil power).

2. Police (including railway and village

police) subject to the provisions of entry 2A

of List I.”

5. Entries 1 and 2 of List II, the Seventh Schedule

to the Constitution of India thus prescribe that

public order and the police are exclusive subject

matters of the concerned State. Further Entry 80,

List I, ensures that the Union/Center does not

transgress into the jurisdiction of the State without

permission of the concerned State.

6. The CBI which draws its powers under the

DSPE Act has acted in violation of the

aforementioned Constitutional provisions and the

DSPE Act. The DSPE Act, as its preamble provides,

was enacted to make provisions for the constitution

of a Special ‘Police Force’ in Delhi for the

investigation of certain offences in the Union

Territory, for the superintendence and

administration of the said Force and for the

extension of its powers and jurisdiction in regard to

the investigation of the said offences. Section 2 of

the DSPE Act provides for constitution of the force,

Section 3 thereof prescribes the offence which are to

be investigated by CBI; Section 5 of DSPE Act

provides extension of power and jurisdiction of CBI

into any area (including a railway area) in a State;

Section 6 thereof expressly provides that the

force/CBI is required to obtain the consent of the

concerned State in case of exercise of such power in

terms of Section 5 of the DSPE Act.

7. Section 6 of the DSPE Act is the statutory

recognition of the principle of federalism which

forms a part of the basic structure of the

Constitution of India, as also protected under Entry

80, List I and Entries 1 and 2, List II, Constitution

of India. In absence of Section 6 in the statute book,

42

the piece of legislation would have attracted the vice

of unconstitutionality.

8. Any act of the CBI in violation of Section 6,

DSPE Act, strikes at the roots of federalism, which

this Hon’ble Court in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India,

1994 SCC (3) 1, has held to be a part of the

Constitution’s basic structure. Therefore, the CBI’s

exercise of powers by violating Section 6, DSPE Act,

subverts the basic structure of the Constitution.

9. Under the Constitution, a threefold

distribution of legislative power by the three

Legislative Lists in the Seventh Schedule to the

Constitution of India has been conceptualized (vide

Article 246). List II of the Seventh Schedule to the

Constitution of India is the part and parcel of a

single constitutional instrument envisaging a

federal scheme. It thus confers plenary power on

the State to legislate on certain exclusive subject

matters which includes “public order” and “police”

in a State.

10. Section 6 of the DSPE Act is a component of

such federalism that provides for a prior approval of

the State in case Centre wishes to transgress in the

territory of the State and usurping the powers of the

police force of the State.

11. The provision of Section 6 therefore, assumes

immense significance and therefore, cannot be

ignored and violated by the Defendant. Any such

attempt on the part of the Defendant would cause

an inroad to the constitutionalism and therefore,

this Hon’ble Court being the conscience keeper of

the Constitution ought not to permit the Defendant

to do so.

12. In State of West Bengal and others v.

Committee for Protection of Democratic Right, West

Bengal and others reported in (2010) 3 SCC 571,

this Hon’ble Court held that although Section 5(1),

DSPE Act empowers the Central Government to

extend power and jurisdiction of members of the

DSPE force to any area in a State, Section 6

43

imposes a restriction on such power of the Central

Government requiring it to obtain the consent of the

concerned State Government. This Hon’ble Court

further held that the only exception is when either

the Hon’ble High Courts or this Hon’ble Court, in

exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226 or 32 of

the Constitution, respectively, directs the CBI to

investigate a cognizable offence allegedly to have

been committed within the territory of a state

without the consent of that particular state; such

direction under Articles 226 or 32 of the

Constitution will neither impinge upon the federal

structure of the Constitution nor violate the

doctrine of separation of power, and shall be valid in

law.

13. In the instant proceeding, the Plaintiff is

challenging the act of the defendant in registering

suo moto cases for offences that have occurred

within the territory of the plaintiff dehors any

direction from any competent court or prior consent

granted by the Plaintiff.

14. In this regard, Section 6 of the DSPE Act is

crucial since it requires prior consent of the State

Government for exercising power and jurisdiction

under the DSPE Act by CBI to any area in a State

not having Union Territory or Railways. Before the

provision of DSPE Act are invoked to authorize the

CBI to exercise its power and jurisdiction within any

State, the following conditions are to be specified

compulsorily.

i) A notification must be issued by the

Central Government specifying the

offences to be investigated by CBI

(Section 3);

ii) An order must be passed by the

Central Government extending power and

jurisdiction of CBI to any area (including

railway area) in a State not being an

Union Territory in respect of offences

specified under Section 3 (Section 5); and

44

iii) Consent of the State Government

must be obtained for the exercise of

power by CBI in the concerned State

(Section 6).

15. Thus, from a plain reading of the law, it is

evident that the CBI does not have any inherent

jurisdiction in any area in a State including a

railway area. The DSPE has to mandatorily meet the

requirements of Section 3 and Section 5, DSPE Act,

and thereafter its powers become subject to the

consent of the State under Section 6, DSPE Act.

16. This Hon’ble Court has held that fulfillment of

all three conditions under Sections 3,5, and 6 are

required prior to the CBI exercising its powers in

any State (M. Balakrishna Reddy v. CBI, (2008) 4

SCC 409).

17. On February 18, 1963, the Defendant under

Section 3 (1) of the DSPE Act notified a class of

offences, wherein, the power to investigate given to

be vested with CBI. On February 18, 1963, by order

No. 25/12/6-AVD-II, issued by Ministry of Home

Affairs, Government of India Act, under Section 5,

DSPE Act extended jurisdiction of members of the

Delhi Special Police Establishment to various states,

including the State of West Bengal.

18. On August 2, 1989, in exercise of its powers

under Section 6, DSPE Act, the Plaintiff vide

Notification being G.O. No. 6845-PL/PE/2A- 10/88,

accorded its consent to CBI to exercise the power

and jurisdiction within the territory of the State of

West Bengal for certain offences, except for public

servants employed in connection with the affairs of

the State or any Authority controlled or aided wholly

or partly by the State Government for which the

specific request and with the prior concurrence of

the State Government was required.

19. On November 16, 2018, the Plaintiff, in

exercise of its powers under Section 6, DSPE Act,

withdrew the aforesaid consent accorded vide G.O.

No. 6845-PL/PE/2A-10/88 dated August 2, 1989.

45

Thus, the Plaintiff, during the period August 2,

1989 to November 16, 2018, had given a limited

consent to the CBI to investigate certain offences

pertaining to persons who were not employed in

connection with the affairs of the State

Government/authority controlled or aided by the

State Government. However, after November 16,

2018, the CBI would have been required to obtain

the prior and specific consent of the Plaintiff for

exercise of any power under the DSPE Act in the

State of West Bengal.

…………

21. The cause of action for filing this suit thus does

not arise from any one particular event or case but

arises due to the fact that the CBI, despite the

withdrawal of consent by the State under Section 6,

DSPE Act, has registered cases and has been

exercising its powers under the DSPE Act in an

unconstitutional manner. This impacts many cases

and investigation of offences that ought to be done

by the State Police. The details of some of the cases

registered by the CBI without obtaining consent of

the Plaintiff, which gives rise to a continuing cause

of action, are as follows:

Sl. No.

Date of Registration Regular Case No.

1. 17/11/2018 RC0102018A0011

2. 19/11/2018 RC0102018A0012

3. 23/08/2019 RC0562019S0004

4. 30/09/2019 RC0562019S0005

5. 21/09/2020 RC0102020A0018

6. 21/09/2020 RC0102020A0019

7. 22/09/2020 RC0102020A0020

8. 19/10/2020 RC0102020A0021

9. 27/11/2020 RC0102020A0022

10. 07/12/2020 RC0102020A0023

11. 29/01/2021 RC0732021E0001

12. 15/06/2021 RC0102021A0003

22. All of the abovementioned FIRs concern

46

offences under laws such as the Indian Penal Code

1860 and/or Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, all

of which the State/Kolkata Police is empowered to

investigate by statute. Therefore, the CBI in

exercising its powers under the DSPE Act, without

the requisite State consent is not only violating

Section 6, DSPE Act, but also usurping and ousting

State/Kolkata Police’s statutory jurisdiction over

such offences.

23. Such action of the Defendant violates the

Constitutional provisions, the DSPE Act, and

derogates from the doctrine of federalism. By

registration of these cases, the Defendant herein

has rendered the provisions under Section 6 of the

DSPE Act nugatory.

24. The requirement of obtaining consent of the

concerned state to enable CBI to investigate in the

said state under section 6 of the DSPE Act aligns

with the principles of federalism as envisaged in the

constitution which has vested the state with the

power to exercise exclusive jurisdiction by making

laws with respect to police under Entry 2 of the

State List of the Seventh Schedule read with Article

246(3) of the Constitution of India.

………….

29. In accordance with the provisions of

Constitution and the law interpreted by this Hon’ble

Court, the Plaintiff State will suffer grave

constitutional prejudice in case the Defendant is

allowed to operate its own police force within the

State of West Bengal in absence of previous

approval of the Plaintiff State. Thus, there exists a

dispute, involving of question of law and fact,

between the Plaintiff State of West Bengal and the

Defendant Union of India, regarding the

encroachment of jurisdiction and encroachment of

legal rights as a State and as well as for the

enforcement of the fundamental, statutory

constitutional and other legal rights of the State of

West Bengal. Hence, this Original Suit under Article

131 of the Constitution of India is being preferred.

47

30. The action of the Defendant is an act of

constitutional overreach inasmuch as by registering

cases within the State of West Bengal in absence of

the consent of the Plaintiff, the Defendant has

exceeded its jurisdiction and has acted contrary to

the scheme of Constitution and DSPE statute.

31. Such action of the Defendant also violates the

law laid down by this Hon’ble Court that no

investigation can be conducted within the territory

of a State in absence of consent under Section 6 of

the DSPE Act (see Kazi Lehendup Dorji v. CBI, & Ors

1994 Supp (2) SCC 116 (para 4,9,17); Subramanian

Swami v. CBI 2014 (8) SCC 682 (Para 67,68); State

of West Bengal v. Committee for Protection of

Democratic Right, West Bengal & Ors. 2013(3) SCC

571 (Para 35,37); Mayawati v. Union of India (2012)

8 SCC106 (Para 9, 30, 41, 44); A.C Sharma v. Delhi

Administration, 1973 (1) SCC 726 (Para 13); M

Balakrishnan v. Director, CBI Delhi 2008 (4) SCC

409 (Para 18, 19)).

32. It is well settled that when differences arise

between the representative of the State and that of

the Union on questions of interpretation of the

Constitution and law which may affect the welfare

of the whole people and particularly that of the

people of the State concerned, a suit under Article

131 of the Constitution lies. Given the aforesaid

statutory obligation of the Defendant, the Plaintiff

being the repository of people on the subject of law

and order in State, the Defendant cannot cause

investigation into the offences in the State. Since

there cannot be two parallel investigations in

respect of the same offence, the registration of FIRs

by the Defendant precludes the State from initiating

appropriate action on the allegations of this subject.

As a consequence thereof, the Plaintiff fails to

adhere to the constitutional obligation.

33. Article 131 of the Constitution provides for

independent adjudication in case of federal disputes

and should be widely and generously interpreted to

advance the intended remedy. It can be invoked

48

whenever a State and other States or Union differ

on a question of interpretation of constitution or law

so that a decision of it will affect the scope and

exercise of the governmental powers which are

attributes of a State. The jurisdiction conferred on

this Hon’ble Court under Article 131 of the

Constitution should not be tested on the anvil of

banal rules which are applied under the provisions

of Code of Civil Procedure for determining whether a

suit is maintainable.

34. The Constitution aims at maintaining a fine

balance not only between the legislature, the

executive and the judiciary, but also between the

powers of the Union and State, as demonstrated by

the Legislative Lists and the executive power of the

Central Government and the State Governments in

part XI of the Constitution. This is a delicate

relationship particularly if different political parties

are in power in the Centre and in the States. The

object of the Articles 245-246 is to ensure that the

Central Government and State Governments act

within the respective spheres of their authority and

do not transgress upon each other’s constitutional

functions or powers.

…………

36. This present suit is being filed to challenge the

constitutionality of the actions of the defendant.

Thus, a suit under Article 131 of the Constitution of

India challenging the constitutionality of the

impugning the action of the Defendant at the

instance of a constituent State of the Union is

maintainable.

37. A proceeding under Article 131 of the

Constitution stands in sharp contrast with an

ordinary suit. The proceedings are adjudicatory of

the limits of the constitutional power vested in the

Central and the State Governments. The

competition in such a proceeding is between two or

more Governments either the one or the other of

which possesses the constitutional power to act.

49

38. While mere wrangles between the Governments

have no place under the scheme, when legal as

distinct from a mere political issue arises touching

upon the existence or extent of the legal right the

article is attracted. There is a distinction between

“State” and “State Government”. When a right or

capacity or lack of it attributed to any institution of

person acting on behalf of the State, it raises a

matter in which the State is involved or concerned.

The State would therefore be affected by any

unconstitutional exercise of power by the Central

Government. The word “right” in Article 131 of the

Constitution is used in a generic sense. If the State

claims to be entitled to legislative exclusivity on a

particular matter on the ground that it falls within

List II of Seventh Schedule and the Union of India

questions this right, despite the constitutional

restriction under Entry 80, List I, the dispute is one

relating not to not only the right of the State in the

strict sense of the term but also of the liberty of the

State, and the same would directly come within the

scope of Article 131 of the Constitution. It is

therefore, evident that the present suit is

maintainable by the Plaintiff against the Defendant

before this Hon’ble Court under Article 131 of the

Constitution. The plaintiff has not filed any other

similar suit claiming the same reliefs before this

Hon’ble Court or any other Court. The Suit is not

barred by limitation as on the date of filing of the

present Suit.”

45. A perusal of the plaint would reveal that it refers to

Article 246(1) of the Constitution which empowers the

Parliament with exclusive power to make laws with respect to

any of the matters enumerated in List I. It refers to Entry 80

of List I which enables the Parliament to make laws with

regard to extension of the powers and jurisdiction of

50

members of a police force belonging to any State to any area

outside that State. However, the same cannot be done

without the consent of the Government of the State in which

such area is situated. Then, it refers to the exclusive

jurisdiction of the State Legislature as recognized in Article

246(3) of the Constitution to make laws with regard to any of

the matters enumerated in List II. It refers to Entries 1 and 2

which relate to public order and police. Then, the plaint

avers that the public order and police are exclusive subject

matters of the concerned State. It avers that Entry 80, List I,

ensures that the Union/Centre does not transgress into the

jurisdiction of the State without permission of the concerned

State. It therefore avers that the CBI which draws its powers

from the DSPE Act has acted in violation of the

aforementioned Constitutional provisions as also the DSPE

Act and then it refers to various provisions of the DSPE Act

including Section 6 thereof which requires the consent of the

Government of the concerned State in whose areas the

jurisdiction of the CBI is being extended. Thereafter, it refers

to Section 6 of the DSPE Act as a component of the concept

of federalism. It avers that the provisions of Section 6 of the

51

DSPE Act cannot be ignored or violated by the defendant.

46. In paragraph 12 of the plaint, the plaint refers to

various judgments of this Court interpreting Sections 5(1)

and 6 of the DSPE Act. In paragraph 13, the plaint avers

that the plaintiff is challenging the act of the defendant in

registering suo moto cases for offences that have occurred

within the territory of the plaintiff without any direction from

the competent court or prior consent granted by the plaintiff.

Then, in paragraph 14, averments are made with regard to

the approval to be made by the Central Government, a rule

which is required to be followed by the Central Government

in extending powers and jurisdiction of the CBI. Thereafter,

it refers to the judgment of this Court which requires the

fulfillment of the three conditions under Sections 3, 5 and 6

of the DSPE Act prior to the CBI exercises powers in any

State, which read thus:

i) A notification must be issued by the

Central Government specifying the

offences to be investigated by CBI

(Section 3);

ii) An order must be passed by the Central

Government extending power and

jurisdiction of CBI to any area

(including railway area) in a State not

being an Union Territory in respect of

52

offences specified under Section 3

(Section 5); and

iii) Consent of the State Government must

be obtained for the exercise of power by

CBI in the concerned State (Section 6).

47. Thereafter, the plaint refers to the consent granted by

the plaintiff under Section 6 of the DSPE Act on 2

nd August

1989 vide notification issued by it. Then, it refers to the

withdrawal of the said consent on 16

th November 2018.

48. Paragraph 21 of the plaint avers regarding the powers of

the CBI. It avers that despite withdrawal of the consent given

by the plaintiff under Section 6 of the DSPE Act, the CBI has

registered cases and has been exercising its powers under

the DSPE Act in an unconstitutional manner. The plaint

thereafter gives a list of the cases and states that the CBI

exercised its powers under the DSPE Act without the

requisite consent of the State and as such, not only violated

Section 6 of the DSPE Act but also usurped and ousted the

State police’s statutory jurisdiction.

49. In paragraph 24 of the plaint, the averments with regard

to principles of federalism are reiterated.

53

50. Paragraph 27 of the plaint states that the present lis

involves substantial question of law as to the interpretation

of Articles 245 and 246 of the Constitution and various

Entries in the Seventh Schedule as well as corresponding

provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the

DSPE Act.

51. In paragraph 29 of the plaint, it is averred that, in case

the defendant is allowed to operate its own police force within

the State of West Bengal in the absence of previous approval

of the plaintiff State, the plaintiff will suffer grave

constitutional prejudice. It is therefore averred that there

exists a dispute involving question of law and fact between

the plaintiff and the defendant – Union of India regarding the

encroachment of jurisdiction and legal rights. In paragraph

30 of the plaint, it is averred that the action of the defendant

is an act of constitutional overreach. In paragraph 32 and

subsequent paragraphs of the plaint, it delineates the scope

of Article 131 of the Constitution.

b. Scheme of the DSPE Act:

52. After considering the averments in the plaint, we now

propose to consider the contention of the learned Solicitor

54

General with regard to Union of India having no

superintendence or control over the CBI. For considering the

same, it will be necessary to refer to certain provisions of the

DSPE Act.

53. Section 2 of the DSPE Act reads thus:

“2. Constitution and powers of special police

establishment.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in

the Police Act, 1861 (5 of 1861), the Central

Government may constitute a special police force to

be called the Delhi Special Police Establishment for

the investigation in any Union Territory, of offences

notified under Section 3.

(2) Subject to any orders which the Central

Government may make in this behalf, members of

the said police establishment shall have

throughout any Union Territory, in relation to the

investigation of such offences and arrest of persons

concerned in such offences, all the powers, duties,

privileges and liabilities which police officers of that

Union Territory have in connection with the

investigation of offences committed therein.

(3) Any member of the said police establishment of

or above the rank of Sub-Inspector may, subject to

any orders which the Central Government may

make in this behalf, exercise in any Union Territory

any of the powers of the officer in charge of a police

station in the area in which he is for the time being

and when so exercising such powers shall, subject

to any such orders as aforesaid, be deemed to be an

officer in charge of a police station discharging the

functions of such an officer within the limits of his

station.”

55

54. A perusal of sub-section (1) of Section 2 of the DSPE Act

clearly shows that it is the Central Government that is

entitled to constitute a special police force to be called the

DSPE for investigation of cases in any Union Territory of

offences notified under Section 3 of the DSPE Act. Sub-

section (2) thereof would show that, subject to any orders

which the Central Government may make in this behalf,

members of the DSPE shall have, throughout any Union

Territory, in relation to the investigation of such offences and

arrest of persons concerned in such offences, all the powers,

duties, privileges and liabilities which police officers of that

Union Territory have in connection with the investigation of

offences committed therein. Again, under sub-section (3)

thereof, any member of the DSPE of or above the rank of

Sub-Inspector may, subject to any orders which the Central

Government may make in this behalf, exercise, in any Union

Territory, any of the powers of the officer in charge of a police

station in the area in which he is for the time being and when

so exercising such powers, he shall, subject to any such

orders as aforesaid, be deemed to be an officer in charge of a

police station discharging the functions of such an officer

56

within the limits of his station.

55. Section 3 of the DSPE Act reads thus:

“3. Offences to be investigated by special police

establishment.—The Central Government may, by

notification in the Official Gazette, specify the

offences or classes of offences which are to be

investigated by the Delhi Special Police

Establishment.”

56. It is thus clear that the DSPE is entitled to investigate

only such offences or classes of offences which are specified

by the Central Government by issuing a notification in the

official gazette.

57. Section 4 of the DSPE Act reads thus:

“4. Superintendence and administration of

Special Police Establishment .—(1) The

superintendence of the Delhi Special Police

Establishment insofar as it relates to investigation

of offences alleged to have been committed under

the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (49 of 1988),

shall vest in the Commission.

(2) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (1),

the superintendence of the said police

establishment in all other matters shall vest in the

Central Government.

(3) The administration of the said police

establishment shall vest in an officer appointed in

this behalf by the Central Government (hereinafter

referred to as the Director) who shall exercise in

respect of that police establishment such of the

powers exercisable by an Inspector-General of Police

57

in respect of the police force in a State as the

Central Government may specify in this behalf.”

58. A perusal of sub-section (1) of Section 4 of the DSPE Act

would reveal that the superintendence of the DSPE insofar as

it relates to investigation of offences alleged to have been

committed under the PC Act is concerned, shall vest with the

CVC. However, sub-section (2) thereof provides that except

for what has been provided in sub-section (1) thereof, the

superintendence of the said police establishment in all other

matters shall vest with the Central Government. Sub-section

(3) thereof provides that the administration of the DSPE shall

vest in an officer appointed in this behalf by the Central

Government who shall exercise, in respect of that police

establishment, such of the powers exercisable by an

Inspector-General of Police in respect of the police force in a

State as the Central Government may specify in this behalf.

59. Section 5 of the DSPE Act reads thus:

“5. Extension of powers and jurisdiction of special

police establishment to other areas.—(1) The Central

Government may by order extend to any area (including

Railway areas) in a State, not being a Union Territory

the powers and jurisdiction of members of the Delhi

Special Police Establishment for the investigation of any

58

offences or classes of offences specified in a notification

under Section 3.

(2) When by an order under sub-section (1) the powers

and jurisdiction of members of the said police

establishment are extended to any such area, a member

thereof may, subject to any orders which the Central

Government may make in this behalf, discharge the

functions of a police officer in that area and shall, while

so discharging such functions, be deemed to be a

member of a police force of that area and be vested with

the powers, functions and privileges and be subject to

the liabilities of a police officer belonging to that police

force.

(3) where any such order under sub-section (1) is made

in relation to any area, then, without prejudice to the

provisions of sub-section (2) any member of the Delhi

Special Police Establishment of or above the rank of

Sub-Inspector may subject to any orders which the

Central Government may make in this behalf, exercise

the powers of the officer in charge of a police station in

that area and when so exercising such powers, shall be

deemed to be an officer in charge of a police station

discharging the functions of such an officer within the

limits of his station.”

60. A perusal of sub-section (1) of Section 5 of the DSPE Act

would reveal that the Central Government, by an order, is

entitled to extend to any area including Railway areas in a

State, not being a Union Territory , the powers and

jurisdiction of members of the DSPE for the investigation of

any offences or classes of offences specified in a notification

under Section 3 of the DSPE Act. Sub-section (2) thereof

provides that when by an order under sub -section (1), the

59

powers and jurisdiction of members of the DSPE are

extended to any such area, a member thereof may, subject to

any orders which the Central Government may make in this

behalf, discharge the functions of a police officer in that area

and shall, while so discharging such functions, be deemed to

be a member of the police force of that area and be vested

with the powers, functions and privileges and be subject to

the liabilities of a police officer belonging to that police force.

Again, under sub-section (3) thereof, where any such order

under sub-section (1) is made in relation to any area, then,

without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (2), any

member of the DSPE of or above the rank of Sub -Inspector

may, subject to any orders which the Central Government

may make in this behalf, exercise the powers of the officer in

charge of a police station in that area and when so exercising

such powers, shall be deemed to be an officer in charge of a

police station discharging the functions of such an officer

within the limits of his station.

61. Section 6 of the DSPE Act reads thus:

“6. Consent of State Government to exercise of

powers and jurisdiction.—Nothing contained in

section 5 shall be deemed to enable any member of

60

the Delhi Special Police Establishment to exercise

powers and jurisdiction in any area in a State, not

being a Union Territory or railway area, without the

consent of the Government of that State.”

62. A perusal of Section 6 of the DSPE Act would reveal that

nothing contained in Section 5 shall be deemed to enable any

member of the DSPE to exercise powers and jurisdiction in

any area in a State, not being a Union Territory or railway

area, without the consent of the Government of that State.

63. A perusal of the entire scheme would therefore reveal

that right from the constitution of the special police force

which is called DSPE, issuance of notifications specifying the

offences or classes of offences which are to be investigated by

the DSPE, superintendence and administration of DSPE and

the extension of powers and jurisdiction of DSPE to the areas

beyond the Union Territories, it is the Central Government

which is vitally concerned with. Not only that, only such

offences which the Central Government notifies in the official

gazette, can be investigated by the DSPE. Under Section 4 of

the DSPE Act, except the offences under the PC Act in which

the superintendence will be with the CVC, the

superintendence of the DSPE in all other matters would vest

61

with the Central Government.

64. If the powers and jurisdiction of the members of the

DSPE are to be extended to any area including railway areas,

in a State not being a Union Territory, the same cannot be

done unless the Central Government passes an order in that

regard. The statutory scheme makes it clear that , for

extending such powers under Section 5 of the DSPE Act, it

cannot be done without the consent of the Government of

that State under Section 6 of the DSPE Act.

65. In that view of the matter, we find that the contention of

the learned Solicitor General that even if the CBI, being an

independent agency, is considered to be an instrumentality of

the State under Article 12 of the Constitution, it cannot be

equated to the term Government of India as contemplated

under Article 131 of the Constitution, in our view, holds no

water.

66. We further find that the very establishment, exercise of

powers, extension of jurisdiction, the superintendence of the

DSPE, all vest with the Government of India. In that view of

the matter, in our opinion, the reliance placed by the learned

Solicitor General on the judgment of this Court in the case of

62

State of Bihar v. Union of India and Another (supra), is

not well placed. In our view, the CBI is an organ or a body

which is established by and which is under the

superintendence of the Government of India in view of the

statutory scheme as enacted by the DSPE Act.

c. Power of superintendence of the Central Government:

67. Insofar as reliance placed by the learned Solicitor

General on the judgments of this Court in the cases of Vineet

Narain (supra) and State of West Bengal and Others v.

Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights, West

Bengal and Others

18 is concerned, no doubt that the

powers of superintendence of the Central Government would

not relate to the superintendence of investigation of a

particular case and the investigating agency (CBI) would

always be entitled to investigate the offences independently.

However, that would not water down the administrative

control and superintendence of the DSPE that vests with the

Central Government. In that view of the matter, we find that

the contention in that regard needs to be rejected.

18

(2010) 3 SCC 571 : 2010 INSC 104

63

d. Interpretation of the term “subject to the provisions of

this Constitution”:

68. The learned Solicitor General has vehemently argued

that, in view of the term “subject to the provisions of this

Constitution” used in Article 131 of the Constitution, since

various matters are already pending with regard to the

subject matter of the present suit, be it the proceedings

either under Article 136, Article 32 or Article 226 of the

Constitution, the present suit would not be maintainable.

69. No doubt that Article 131 of the Constitution begins

with the term “subject to the provisions of this Constitution”.

To understand the said term, we can gainfully refer to a few

authorities.

70. In Black’s Law Dictionary, 5

th Edition at Page 1278, the

expression “subject to” has been defined as under:

“Liable, subordinate, subservient, inferior, obedient

to; governed or affected by; provided that; provided;

answerable for.”

71. A Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of The

South India Corporation (P) Limited v. The Secretary,

Board of Revenue, Trivandrum and Another

19 also had an

19

[1964] 4 SCR 280 : 1963 INSC 163

64

occasion to consider the said term, though it was in a case

concerning Article 372 of the Constitution. It will be apposite

to refer to the following part of the said judgment of the

Constitution Bench:

“13. ……..Article 372 reads:

“(i) Notwithstanding the repeal by this

Constitution of the enactments referred

to in Article 395 but subject to the other

provisions of this Constitution, all the law

in force in the territory of India

immediately before the commencement of

this Constitution shall continue in force

therein until altered or repealed or

amended by a competent legislature or

other competent authority.

***

Explanation I.—The expression “law in

force” in this article shall include a law

passed or made by a legislature or other

competent authority in the territory of

India before the commencement of this

Constitution and not previously repealed,

notwithstanding that it or parts of it may

not be then in operation either at all or in

particular areas.”

The object of this article is to maintain the

continuity of the pre-existing laws after the

Constitution came into force till they were repealed,

altered or amended by a competent authority.

Without the aid of such an article there would be

utter confusion in the field of law. The assumption

underlying the article is that the State laws may or

may not be within the legislative competence of the

appropriate authority under the Constitution. The

article would become ineffective and purposeless if

it was held that pre-Constitution laws should be

65

such as could be made by the appropriate authority

under the Constitution. The words “subject to the

other provisions of the Constitution” should,

therefore, be given a reasonable interpretation, an

interpretation which would carry out the intention

of the makers of the Constitution and also which is

in accord with the constitutional practice in such

matters. The article posits the continuation of the

pre-existing laws made by a competent authority

notwithstanding the repeal of Article 395; and the

expression “other” in the article can only apply to

provisions other than those dealing with legislative

competence.

14. The learned Advocate-General relied upon the

following decisions for the said legal position

: Gannon Dankerly and Co. v. Sales Tax Officer,

Maatancherry [ILR (1957) Kerala 462] ; Sagar

Mall v. State [ILR (1952) 1 All 862] ; Kanpur Oil

Mills v. Judge (Appeals) Sales Tax, Kanpur [AIR 1955

All 99] ; Amalgamated Coalfields Ltd. v. Janapada

Sabha, Chhindwara [(1962) 1 SCR 1] ; Jagdish

Prasad v. Saharanpur Municipality [AIR 1961 All

583] ; Saeoshankar v. M.P. State [AIR 1951 Nag 58]

; State v. Yash Pal [AIR 1957 P&H 91] ; and Binoy

Bhusan v. States of Bihar [AIR 1954 Pat 346] . It is

not necessary to consider in detail the said

decisions, as they either resume the said legal

position or sustain it, but do not go further. They

held that a law made by a competent authority

before the Constitution continues to be in force after

the Constitution till it is altered or modified or

repealed by the appropriate authority, even though

it is beyond the legislative competence of the said

authority under the Constitution. We give our full

assent to the view and hold that a pre-Constitution

law made by a competent authority, though it has

lost its legislative competency under the

Constitution, shall continue in force, provided the

law does not contravene the “other provisions” of

the Constitution.”

66

72. The Constitution Bench has held that the words

“subject to the other provisions of the Constitution” should

be given a reasonable interpretation. It has been held that

the interpretation which would carry out the intention of the

makers of the Constitution and also which is in accord with

the constitutional practice in such matters, should be

adopted. The Court held that Article 372 of the Constitution

posits the continuation of the pre-existing laws made by a

competent authority notwithstanding the repeal of Article

395 of the Constitution. It has been held that the expression

“other” under Article 372 of the Constitution can only apply

to the provisions other than those dealing with legislative

competence. The Court therefore held that a pre-Constitution

law made by a competent authority, though it has lost its

legislative competency under the Constitution, shall continue

in force, provided the law does not contravene the “other

provisions” of the Constitution.

73. Another Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of

Union of India and Another v. Tulsiram Patel

20 also had

an occasion to consider the said term which is also recorded

20

(1985) 3 SCC 398 : 1985 INSC 155

67

in Article 309 of the Constitution. The Court held thus:

“106. It is not possible to accept this submission.

The opening words of Article 309 make that article

expressly “Subject to the provisions of this

Constitution”. Rules made under the proviso to

Article 309 or under Acts referable to that article

must, therefore, be made subject to the provisions

of the Constitution if they are to be valid. Article

310(1) which embodies the pleasure doctrine is a

provision contained in the Constitution. Therefore,

rules made under the proviso to Article 309 or

under Acts referable to that article are subject to

Article 310(1). By the opening words of Article

310(1) the pleasure doctrine contained therein

operates “Except as expressly provided by this

Constitution”. Article 311 is an express provision of

the Constitution. Therefore, rules made under the

proviso to Article 309 or under Acts referable to

Article 309 would be subject both to Article 310(1) &

Article 311……….”

74. This Court held that, in view of the said term “subject to

the provisions of this Constitution”, rules made under the

proviso to Article 309 must be made subject to the provisions

of this Constitution if they are to be valid. The Constitution

Bench held that the rules made under the proviso to Article

309 or under Acts referable to that article are subject to

Articles 310(1) and 311 of the Constitution.

75. In our opinion, Article 131 of the Constitution is a

special provision which deals with the original jurisdiction of

this Court in case of a dispute between the Federal

68

Government and the State Governments. It provides for a

special jurisdiction to this Court to decide any question on

which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. Any

dispute either between the Government of India and one or

more States; or between the Government of India and any

State or States on one side and one or more other States on

the other; or between two or more States which involve a

question on which the existence or extent of a legal right

depends are covered by this provision. A special provision

has been made for deciding the question on which the

existence or extent of a legal right between the special parties

mentioned therein has been provided. Therefore, the words

“subject to the provisions of this Constitution” will have to be

considered in that context. The jurisdiction under Article

131 of the Constitution would only be subject to any other

provision in the Constitution which provides for entertaining

a dispute between the parties mentioned therein. We could

notice only one such other provision in the Constitution,

which is Article 262, which reads thus:

“262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters

of inter-State rivers or river valleys .—(1)

Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication

of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use,

69

distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any

inter-State river or river valley.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,

Parliament may by law provide that neither the

Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise

jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or

complaint as is referred to in clause (1).”

76. Article 262 of the Constitution deals with adjudication

of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river

valleys. It provides that the Parliament may by law provide

for the adjudication of such disputes or complaints excluding

the jurisdiction of all courts including this Court. As such,

ordinarily a dispute with respect to the use, distribution or

control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river

valley between two States could have fallen under Article 131

of the Constitution but because of the words “subject to the

provisions of this Constitution” used therein and in view of

Article 262, such a dispute would not be entertainable under

Article 131 of the Constitution.

77. Article 32 of the Constitution provides for remedy for

enforcement of rights conferred by Part-III of the Constitution

whereas Article 136 provides for remedy by way of special

leave to appeal before this Court. These are the general

70

remedies available to “any party”. Merely because, in any of

the proceedings initiated under Article 32 or Article 136 or

even Article 226 of the Constitution, one of the parties is

common, in our view, the pendency of such proceedings

would not come in the way of a specific party mentioned in

Article 131 of the Constitution to take recourse to the remedy

available therein. As already discussed hereinabove, a

remedy under Article 131 of the Constitution is a special

remedy available only to the parties mentioned therein and

for the purposes mentioned therein. In our view, therefore,

the interpretation as placed by the defendant - Union of India

would not be in consonance with the constitutional scheme

and as such, is liable to be rejected.

e. Suppression of material fact:

78. The Union of India has also pressed that the present

suit is liable to be dismissed on the ground of suppression of

material facts. It is argued that many of the FIRs mentioned

in the plaint are registered under the directions of the High

Court under Article 226 of the Constitution. It is submitted

that this fact is suppressed by the plaintiff and as such, the

plaint is liable to be rejected on this ground.

71

79. No doubt that material suppression of fact would entail

a plaint to be rejected. However, a very reading of the plaint

including the prayer clause and specifically paragraph 13 of

the plaint would reveal that the claim of the petitioner is with

regard to the investigations except with respect to the FIRs

registered under the order of competent court of law. In that

view of the matter, we find that the contention in that respect

is also liable to be rejected.

f. Cause of action of the suit:

80. The next contention is with regard to non-disclosure of

cause of action against the defendant. We have hereinabove

extensively reproduced the averments made in the plaint. At

the cost of repetition, it is only the averments in the plaint

which can be gone into for considering as to whether the

cause of action against the defendant arises or not.

81. The main case of the plaintiff as could be gathered from

the averments in the plaint is that, before the provisions of

DSPE Act can be invoked to authorize the CBI to exercise its

powers and jurisdiction within any State, the following

conditions are necessary:

72

i) “A notification must be issued by the

Central Government specifying the

offences to be investigated by CBI (Section

3);

ii) An order must be passed by the Central

Government extending power and

jurisdiction of CBI to any area (including

railway area) in a State not being an Union

Territory in respect of offences specified

under Section 3 (Section 5); and

iii) Consent of the State Government must be

obtained for the exercise of power by CBI

in the concerned State (Section 6).”

82. It is the case of the plaintiff that unless the three

conditions under Sections 3, 5 and 6 of the DSPE Act are

fulfilled, the CBI cannot exercise its powers in any State. It is

the case of the plaintiff that after withdrawal of the consent

by the plaintiff on 16

th November 2018, the CBI could not

have continued to register cases and exercise its powers

under the DSPE Act. It is the plaintiff’s case that

continuation of the registration of cases and exercise of

powers after withdrawal of the consent is an act of

constitutional overreach.

83. As already discussed hereinabove, the averments in the

plaint cannot be read in isolation but are to be read in

entirety. It is the case of the plaintiff that the CBI is

73

established by the defendant, its exercise of powers is

controlled by the defendant and its functioning is also under

the superintendence of the defendant. Therefore, it cannot be

said that the plaintiff has not made out any cause of action

against the defendant. As has been held by Their Lordships

Justice Chandrachud and Justice Bhagwati in the case of

State of Rajasthan and Others v. Union of India and

Others (supra), the legal right of the States could be sought

to be indicated in the suits. In the said case, the Court has

disapproved the observations made by five-Judges Bench in

the case of State of Bihar v. Union of India and Another

(supra) that the legal right which is the subject of dispute

must arise in the context of the Constitution and federalism

itself. As has been held by this Court in the case of State of

Rajasthan and Others v. Union of India and Others

(supra), the legal right of the States consists in their

immunity, in the sense of freedom from the power of the

Union Government. Therefore, in light of DSPE Act and the

judgments of this Court, even this contention is liable to be

rejected.

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VII. CONCLUSION:

84. We find that, in the present suit, the plaintiff is raising

the legal issue as to whether after withdrawal of the consent

under Section 6 of the DSPE Act, the CBI via the defendant –

Union of India can continue to register and investigate cases

in its area in violation of the provisions of Section 6 of the

DSPE Act. The same has been sought to be attacked by the

defendant – Union of India by raising various contentions

challenging the maintainability of the suit. In our considered

opinion, the contentions raised by the defendant, do not

merit acceptance and for the reasons given hereinbefore, are

rejected. The preliminary objection is, therefore, rejected.

However, we clarify that the aforesaid findings are for the

purposes of deciding preliminary objection and will have no

bearing on merits of the suit. The suit shall proceed in

accordance with law on its own merits.

85. List the suit on 13

th August, 2024 for framing of issues.

…….........................J.

[B.R. GAVAI]

…….........................J.

[SANDEEP MEHTA]

NEW DELHI;

JULY 10, 2024.