2025 INSC 529 Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 1 of 26

Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 2142 OF 2017

Aejaz Ahmad Sheikh … Appellant

versus

State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr. … Respondents

with

CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS. 2143-2144 OF 2017

J U D G M E N T

ABHAY S. OKA, J.

FACTUAL ASPECTS

1. These appeals arise from the same impugned

judgment of the High Court by which one Hasim Sheikh

(the accused) was acquitted of the offence punishable

under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code (for short ‘the

IPC’). The incident is very gruesome. It is the death of

Amina (wife of the accused) and her three daughters,

namely, Najma, Fatima and Salma, due to burn injuries.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 2 of 26

Even Aslam (cousin of the accused) died due to the burn

injuries sustained in the same incident.

2. The accused and Amina had three daughters Najma,

Fatima and Salma and two sons Kamar Hasim and

Kadam. The complainant is PW-1 Aejaz Ahmad Sheikh.

He is the real brother of the deceased Amina. As the

accused used to abuse and beat his deceased wife and

deceased daughters, PW-1 visited the house of the accused

on 26

th December 2008. He made an attempt to resolve

the issue. He was not successful. He was told to leave the

house. While he was leaving the house, the deceased

Amina told him not to go as the accused and his family

members were intending to kill her. A few hours after PW-

1 reached his home, he received a call that the accused,

out of anger, along with his cousin Aslam, poured kerosene

on Amina and the three daughters and set them on fire.

Daughter Najma died on the spot, and the other three were

admitted to the District Hospital. PW-1 rushed to the

hospital and met his sister Amina, who disclosed that after

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 3 of 26

his departure, the accused, along with Aslam, poured

kerosene on her and three daughters and set them on fire.

On the very same day, Aslam was also admitted to the

hospital due to burn injuries. On 26

th December 2008, the

dying declaration of daughter Fatima was recorded by

Tahsildar, Deoria, Harish Chandra Singh (PW-11). Fatima

stated that her father and the village people poured

kerosene oil and set it on fire. She blamed her paternal

grandparents for being the root cause of the burning. On

the same day, a dying declaration of the wife, Amina, was

recorded by PW-11, in which she stated that the accused

locked her and her three daughters and poured kerosene

on her and her daughters and set them on fire. She stated

that Najma died, and she, along with her two daughters,

sustained burn injuries.

3. On 26

th December 2008, on the complaint of PW-1, a

first information report was registered for the offences

punishable under Sections 302,307 and 120B of the IPC.

On the next day, the recovery of burnt clothes and a plastic

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 4 of 26

can containing 100 gms. of kerosene was recovered from

the site of the incident. On 1

st January 2009, Salma died.

On 2

nd January 2009, co-accused Aslam died. On the

same day, Fatima succumbed to burn injuries. On 6

th

January 2009, Amina died. All of them died due to burn

injuries. A charge sheet was filed against the accused for

the offences punishable under Section 302 of the IPC.

4. The learned Addl. District and Sessions Judge, by

judgment dated 19th April 2014, convicted the accused.

The learned Judge accepted the testimony of PW-5 Kamar

Hasim, the minor son of the accused. The learned Judge

also accepted the dying declarations of Amina and Fatima

recorded by PW-11, Tahsildar. He held the accused guilty

of the offence punishable under Section 302 of the IPC.

The learned Judge held that this case was falling under

the category of rarest of the rare cases and proceeded to

award capital punishment.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 5 of 26

5. By the impugned judgment, the High Court not only

declined to confirm the capital punishment but proceeded

to acquit the accused.

6. Criminal Appeal nos.2143-44 of 2017 has been

preferred by the State, and Criminal Appeal no.2142 of

2017 has been preferred by PW-1 complainant. As no one

represented PW-1, this Court appointed learned counsel

Shri Shubhranshu Padhi as Amicus to espouse the cause

of PW-1. He and the counsel for the State made detailed

submissions.

SUBMISSIONS

7. Learned counsel appointed as amicus curiae to

espouse the cause of the PW-1 (Appellant in Criminal

Appeal No.2142 of 2017) has taken us through the

depositions of the material prosecution witnesses and

dying declarations. He submitted that the dying

declarations of Amina and Fatima were properly recorded

by PW-11, Tahsildar, after obtaining a fitness certificate

from PW-14, Dr. KC Rai. He submitted that the evidence

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 6 of 26

of both witnesses has not been shaken in the cross-

examination. He submitted that the dying declarations

were substantive pieces of evidence based on which the

conviction of the accused could be based. He submitted

that the dying declarations inspire confidence. He

submitted that PW-1 complainant, PW-2 Rayajul Haq, PW-

3 Sadaqat Ali and PW-4 Sajjad Ahmad have deposed that

deceased Amina was in a condition to speak and point out

the role of the accused. He invited our attention to the

testimony of the PW-5, a child witness. He submitted that

there are bound to be some minor omissions and

contradictions in the evidence of a 15 years old boy who

had seen his mother and three sisters being burnt by his

father. His evidence cannot be discarded for that reason.

Moreover, in the examination-in-chief, he deposed that he

was threatened not to make any statement before the

police authorities. He pointed out that though the High

Court had held that there was no explanation for the

severe burn injuries sustained by Aslam, PW-5 deposed

that he was holding the victims at the time of the incident,

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 7 of 26

which caused the burn injuries to him. Learned counsel

submitted that the High Court had misread the medical

evidence and came to the erroneous conclusion that Najma

committed suicide and others were injured in the process

of saving her. He would, therefore, submit that the guilt

of the accused was proved beyond a reasonable doubt and,

on reappreciation of the evidence, any court will come to a

conclusion that the only possible finding was that the guilt

of the accused was proved beyond a reasonable doubt.

8. Learned counsel appearing for the first informant

relied upon the following decisions:

i. Raju Devade v. State of Maharashtra

1;

ii. J. Ramulu & Anr. v. State of Andhra Pradesh

2;

and

iii. Balbir Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab

3

He also relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of

Baleshwar Mahto and Anr. v. State of Bihar and Anr.

4.

Relying upon the decision, he submitted that primacy

1

(2016) 11 SCC 673

2

(2009) 16 SCC 432

3

(2006) 12 SCC 283

4

(2017) 3 SCC 152

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 8 of 26

must always be given to the ocular evidence and not to

medical evidence.

9. Learned counsel appearing for the accused pointed

out that the evidence of dying declarations was not put to

the accused in his statement recorded under Section 313

of the CrPC. He relied upon a decision of this Court in the

case of Raj Kumar v. State (NCT of Delhi)

5.

CONSIDERATION OF SUBMISSIONS

10. We will deal with evidence of eye-witness PW-5

Kamar Hasim, who was 15 years old at the time of

recording his evidence. It is well settled that a minor is also

a competent witness. This Court in the case of P.Ramesh

v. State

6 has dealt with this issue. Under Section 118 of

the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (the ‘Evidence Act’), a minor

is a competent witness. In paragraph 16 of the said

decision in the case of P. Ramesh, this Court held thus:

“16. In order to determine the

competency of a child witness, the

Judge has to form her or his opinion.

5

(2023) 17 SCC 95

6

(2019) 20 SCC 593

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 9 of 26

The Judge is at liberty to test the

capacity of a child witness and no

precise rule can be laid down regarding

the degree of intelligence and

knowledge which will render the child

a competent witness. The competency

of a child witness can be ascertained by

questioning her/him to find out the

capability to understand the

occurrence witnessed and to speak the

truth before the court. In criminal

proceedings, a person of any age is

competent to give evidence if she/he is

able to (i) understand questions put as

a witness; and (ii) give such answers to

the questions that can be understood.

A child of tender age can be allowed to

testify if she/he has the intellectual

capacity to understand questions and

give rational answers thereto.

[Ratansinh Dalsukhbhai

Nayak v. State of Gujarat, (2004) 1

SCC 64 : 2004 SCC (Cri) 7] A child

becomes incompetent only in case the

court considers that the child was unable

to understand the questions and answer

them in a coherent and comprehensible

manner. [ Sarkar, Law of Evidence, 19th

Edn., Vol. 2, Lexis Nexis, p. 2678

citing Director of Public Prosecutions v. M,

1998 QB 913 : (1998) 2 WLR 604 : (1997)

2 All ER 749 (QBD)] If the child

understands the questions put to

her/him and gives rational answers to

those questions, it can be taken that

she/he is a competent witness to be

examined.”

(emphasis added)

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 10 of 26

In the case of Pradeep v. State of Haryana

7 in

paragraphs 9 and 10, this Court held thus:

“9. It is a well settled principle that

corroboration of the testimony of a child

witness is not a rule but a measure of

caution and prudence. A child witness of

tender age is easily susceptible to

tutoring. However, that by itself is no

ground to reject the evidence of a child

witness. The Court must make careful

scrutiny of the evidence of a child witness.

The Court must apply its mind to the

question whether there is a possibility of

the child witness being tutored.

Therefore, scrutiny of the evidence of a

child witness is required to be made by

the Court with care and caution.

10. Before recording evidence of a

minor, it is the duty of a Judicial

Officer to ask preliminary questions to

him with a view to ascertain whether

the minor can understand the

questions put to him and is in a

position to give rational answers. The

Judge must be satisfied that the minor

is able to understand the questions and

respond to them and understands the

importance of speaking the truth.

Therefore, the role of the Judge who

records the evidence is very crucial. He

has to make a proper preliminary

examination of the minor by putting

appropriate questions to ascertain

whether the minor is capable of

7

(2023) SCC Online SC 777

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 11 of 26

understanding the questions put to

him and is able to give rational

answers. It is advisable to record the

preliminary questions and answers so

that the Appellate Court can go into

the correctness of the opinion of the

Trial Court.”

(emphasis added)

11. We may note here that before administering oath to

PW-5, even preliminary questions were not put to him by

the learned Trial Judge for ascertaining whether he is able

to understand the questions put to him and is in a position

to answer the same. The learned Judge should have asked

preliminary questions to him to ascertain whether he

understood the importance of the oath. The learned Judge

ought to have recorded satisfaction that the minor was

competent to depose. However, this was not done by the

learned Judge. He straightaway administered oath to the

minor witness. In the deposition, it is not even mentioned

that certain preliminary questions were put to the

witnesses. Thus, it is apparent that the learned Trial

Judge administered oath to PW -5 and recorded his

deposition without satisfying himself about the

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 12 of 26

competence of the minor to depose. This raises a question

mark on the testimony of PW-5 especially when a minor

witness can be easily tutored.

12. PW-5 deposed that PW-1 came around 4 o’clock to

their house on the day of the incident. One Sajjad Jaif and

one more uncle had come with him. All of them arrived in

a jeep. Before he arrived, the accused Aslam and other

family members were verbally abusing his mother, three

sisters and his younger brother. The witness further

deposed that the accused (his father) had assaulted him.

When PW-1 arrived, the accused, Aslam and family

members started verbally abusing him. His father held

PW-1’s collar and Aslam and Saiyyad were threatening to

slap him. PW-1 told his mother that he would come on the

next day with his maternal grandfather. He described the

main incident as under:

“……Suddenly after that, Hasim, Saiyyad,

Hamid, Aslam, Ayesha, Sahdun, Shama

Parvez aka Gudiya, all of them came and

started dragging my mother and three

sisters towards the kitchen. After that I

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 13 of 26

and my younger brother Kadim started

pulling our mother and sisters towards

us. Sahidun and Shama Parvez pushed

me and my brother away. After that my

younger brother sat and started crying in

the doorway of the outside room but I

continued trying to pull them towards

myself. Then I saw Hasim, Saiyyad,

Hamid, Aslam, Ayesha, Sahidun, Shama

Parvez aka Gudiya, they started pushing

my mother and sisters, and after that

Saiyyad, Hasim, took a huge gallon and

started pouring kerosene oil on them. And

Aslam was holding my mother and

sisters. After Saiyyad took a match and

gave it to Hasim and told him to set them

on fire and get rid of the trouble. As soon

as Hasim lit the match and threw it on my

mother and sisters, the fire went out of

control. I got very scared after seeing all

this. After that I thought of saving my own

life. When I went out from the kitchen, I

came across my younger brother sitting

and crying. I opened the door and I and

my younger brother Kadim ran out.”

The witness further deposed that after he ran out of the

house, he met Imran and requested Imran to save

everyone. In the cross-examination, PW-5 stated that he

was 12 years old when the incident happened and he was

in 5

th class.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 14 of 26

13. We find that material contradictions have been

brought on record in the evidence of PW-5 which have been

proved through evidence of investigating officer PW-10,

Shri Rajiv Singh. PW-5 was confronted with the following

statements made by him in his statement recorded under

Section 161 of CrPC:

a. On seeing the smoke during the argument and fight

inside, Aslam (co-accused), Shah Alam and other

people went in to save his sisters Najma, Fatima and

Salma and his mother who were burning;

b. While trying to put out the fire, Aslam also caught

on fire and Sayyed and Shah Alam also suffered

some burns. His father’s hand and body were also

burnt; and

c. He did not know how the fire started.

In the evidence of PW-10, the prior statements by which

PW-5 was confronted, have been duly proved. These are

major contradictions brought on record. These

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 15 of 26

contradictions, apart from the fact that the learned Trial

Judge did not satisfy himself about the capacity of PW-5

to understand and answer questions, make the testimony

of PW-5 vulnerable.

14. In the cross-examination, PW-5 stated that after the

incident, the village Pradhan took him to police station.

When the inspector asked him, he stated that he did not

know anything. He admitted that he did not tell anything

about the incident to his paternal grandparents. In the

cross-examination, he stated that the Inspector did not

take his statement. He stated that he was giving testimony

about the incident for the first time three years after the

incident. In view of what we have discussed above, it is

unsafe to rely upon his evidence.

15. Now, we come to the dying declarations of deceased

Fatima and Amina allegedly recorded by PW-11, who was

the Tahsildar on duty. PW-11 in the cross-examination

has accepted that after recording the statements of both

the victims, he did not read over the same to the victims.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 16 of 26

He admitted that there is no such endorsement made on

the statements. He also accepted that the doctor ha d

simply mentioned on the dying declarations that both of

them were “fit” and had not stated that they were in a

condition to make a statement.

16. The most unfortunate part is that the evidence of PW-

11 about the dying declarations made by these two victims

has not been put to the accused in his examination under

Section 313 of CrPC. Not only that what is stated in the

evidence by PW-11 is not put to the accused in his

statement under Section 313 of CrPC, but even the fact

that the dying declarations were made by Fatima and

Amina to PW-11 was not put to the accused.

17. According to the prosecution, the deceased Amina

made a dying declaration even to PW -1. Even the

testimony of PW-1 to that effect has not been put to the

accused in his statement under Section 313 of CrPC.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 17 of 26

18. The case of the prosecution is that Amina also made

a dying declaration before PW-2. He stated in his

deposition that “we found Amina Khatun in the hospital

and she told us everything in relation to the incident.” He

has not deposed what exactly deceased Amina told him.

Therefore, it cannot be said that Amina made a dying

declaration before PW-2 implicating the accused.

19. Now, coming to the evidence of PW-3, he stated that

in hospital Amina told PW-1 that the accused and Aslam

poured kerosene oil and set her and her daughters on fire.

In the cross-examination, he admitted that he gave a

statement to the investigating officer according to whatever

PW-1 told him. When he was confronted with his

statement under Section 161 of CrPC, he admitted that his

statement regarding the accused pouring kerosene and

setting the deceased and her daughters on fire was made

by him as per the narration of PW-1. Therefore, it is very

difficult to believe the testimony of PW-3.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 18 of 26

20. Now, we come to the testimony of PW-4. He deposed

that while he was in hospital, Amina informed PW-1 that

the accused and Aslam dragged her and her daughters

towards the room, sprinkled kerosene on them and set

them on fire. It is pertinent to note that even this part of

the testimony regarding dying declaration of Amina has

not been put to the accused in the statement under

Section 313 of the CrPC. In the cross-examination, he

stated that he visited the hospital regularly from the time

Amina and her two daughters were admitted to the

hospital. He admitted that though he attempted to talk to

Amina in the hospital, she was not able to talk, and she

just asked for water.

21. Thus, the evidence of prosecution regarding the

dying declaration was not put to the accused in his

statement under Section 313 of CrPC. The law on this

aspect is well-settled. In the case of Raj Kumar v. State

(NCT of Delhi)

5, this Court has summarised the law on his

aspect. Paragraph 22 of the said decision reads thus:

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 19 of 26

“22. The law consistently laid down by

this Court can be summarised as under:

22.1. It is the duty of the trial court to

put each material circumstance

appearing in the evidence against the

accused specifically, distinctively and

separately. The material circumstance

means the circumstance or the

material on the basis of which the

prosecution is seeking his conviction.

22.2. The object of examination of the

accused under Section 313 is to enable

the accused to explain any

circumstance appearing against him in

the evidence.

22.3. The Court must ordinarily

eschew material circumstances not put

to the accused from consideration

while dealing with the case of the

particular accused.

22.4. The failure to put material

circumstances to the accused amounts

to a serious irregularity. It will vitiate

the trial if it is shown to have

prejudiced the accused.

22.5. If any irregularity in putting the

material circumstance to the accused

does not result in failure of justice, it

becomes a curable defect. However, while

deciding whether the defect can be cured,

one of the considerations will be the

passage of time from the date of the

incident.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 20 of 26

22.6. In case such irregularity is curable,

even the appellate court can question the

accused on the material circumstance

which is not put to him.

22.7. In a given case, the case can be

remanded to the trial court from the stage

of recording the supplementary statement

of the accused concerned under Section

313CrPC.

22.8. While deciding the question

whether prejudice has been caused to the

accused because of the omission, the

delay in raising the contention is only one

of the several factors to be considered.”

(emphasis added)

22. The prosecution has heavily relied upon the dying

declarations of the two victims. As this evidence was not

put to the accused in his statement under Section 313 of

the CrPC, he was denied an opportunity to explain the

same. Hence, this omission causes prejudice to him.

Therefore, the evidence of dying declaration will have to be

kept out of consideration.

23. The incident occurred on 26

th December 2008. Even

assuming that omission in recording the statement of the

accused is curable, the question is whether, after a lapse

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 21 of 26

of more than 14 years, the case can be remanded to the

Trial Court for further examination of the accused under

Section 313 of the CrPC. After such a long gap of 14 years,

it will be unjust to compel the accused to face such an

examination. The accused has undergone incarceration

for more than 6 years. From the date of the Trial Court

judgment till the date of the impugned judgment, there

was a hanging sword over him of the capital punishment.

Therefore, we are of the view that it will be unjust now at

this stage to pass an order of remand for recording further

statements under Section 313 of the CrPC. The remand at

this stage will cause prejudice to the accused. Though we

do not agree with some of the findings recorded by the High

Court, it is not possible to find fault with the ultimate

conclusion drawn by it.

24. There are two other important aspects of the case.

Co-accused Aslam, a cousin of the accused, also suffered

burn injuries in the incident. He died on 2

nd January 2009

with septicaemia. He suffered 40% burn injuries. The

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 22 of 26

prosecution also suppressed the fact that the accused also

suffered superficial to deep burn injuries on the face and

both forearms to the extent of 20%. This fact was brought

to the record by the accused by examining Dr. K.C. Rai as

a defence witness.

25. According to the prosecution's case, after pouring

kerosene oil on the victims, the accused and Aslam were

standing outside the room and were not allowing anybody

to enter the room. Co-accused Aslam is himself a victim of

the fire. There is no explanation offered by the prosecution

of how the accused and Aslam suffered burn injuries. The

burn injuries to Aslam proved to be fatal. This also raises

suspicion about the prosecution's case.

26. We are dealing with an appeal against acquittal.

After reappreciation of evidence, we find that the view

taken by the High Court that the guilt of the accused was

not proved beyond a reasonable doubt is a possible view

which could have been taken on the basis of the evidence

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 23 of 26

on record. Even assuming that another view is possible,

that is no ground to overturn the order of acquittal.

27. It is true that the incident is very shocking in which

a woman and her three daughters were burnt, and one of

them died on the spot, the other three died after a few days.

However, in the absence of legal evidence on record to

prove the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt,

we cannot interfere with the impugned judgment of the

High Court.

28. Before we part with this judgment, we have a

suggestion to make. There are several criminal appeals

which come to this Court where we find that vital

prosecution evidence is not put to the accused in

statement under Section 313 of the CrPC. The Court

becomes helpless, as due to the long lapse of time, the

defect cannot be cured by passing an order of remand. In

the case of Raj Kumar v. State (NCT of Delhi)

5, this Court

dealt with this issue. In paragraphs 29 and 30, this Court

held thus:

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 24 of 26

“29. In many criminal trials, a large

number of witnesses are examined, and

evidence is voluminous. It is true that the

Judicial Officers have to understand the

importance of Section 313. But now the

court is empowered to take the help of the

prosecutor and the defence counsel in

preparing relevant questions. Therefore,

when the trial Judge prepares questions

to be put to the accused under Section

313, before putting the questions to the

accused, the Judge can always provide

copies of the said questions to the learned

Public Prosecutor as well as the learned

defence counsel and seek their assistance

for ensuring that every relevant material

circumstance appearing against the

accused is put to him. When the Judge

seeks the assistance of the prosecutor

and the defence lawyer, the lawyers must

act as the officers of the court and not as

mouthpieces of their respective clients.

While recording the statement under

Section 313CrPC in cases involving a

large number of prosecution witnesses,

the Judicial Officers will be well advised

to take benefit of sub-section (5) of

Section 313CrPC, which will ensure that

the chances of committing errors and

omissions are minimised.

30. In 1951, while delivering the verdict

in Tara Singh [Tara Singh v. State, 1951

SCC 903 : 1951 SCC OnLine SC 49] , this

Court lamented that in many cases, scant

attention is paid to the salutary provision

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 25 of 26

of Section 342CrPC, 1898. We are sorry to

note that the situation continues to be the

same after 72 years as we see such

defaults in large number of cases. The

National and the State Judicial

Academies must take a note of this

situation. The Registry shall forward a

copy of this decision to the National and

all the State Judicial Academies.”

We want to supplement what is reproduced above. When

an appeal against conviction is preferred before the High

Court, at the earliest stage, the High Court must examine

whether there is a proper statement of the accused

recorded under Section 313 of CrPC (Section 351 of the

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023). If any defect

is found, at that stage, the same can be cured either by

High Court recording further statement or by directing the

Trial Court to record. If this approach is adopted, the

argument of delay and prejudice will not be available to the

accused.

Criminal Appeal No. 2142 of 2017, etc. Page 26 of 26

29. We must record our appreciation for the very

valuable assistance rendered by Mr. Shubhranshu Padhi,

appointed as amicus curiae.

30. The appeals are, accordingly, dismissed.

…........……………… ….J.

(Abhay S Oka)

....………..……………...J.

(Pankaj Mithal)

……......………………….J.

(Ahsanuddin Amanullah)

New Delhi;

April 22, 2025.