Contempt of Court, Bombay High Court, Civil Contempt, Criminal Contempt, Arrest Guidelines, Section 41A CrPC, IT Act, Binod Agarwal, State of Maharashtra, Police misconduct, Consent Terms
 28 Jul, 2026
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Binod Agarwal S/O Sitaram Agarwal Vs. State of Maharashtra, Thr. Commissioner Of Police And Ors.

  Bombay High Court CP-529-2019
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Case Background

As per case facts, the Petitioner initiated Contempt proceedings against the Respondents, alleging deliberate defiance and wilful disobedience of Supreme Court and High Court judgments related to arrest guidelines. The ...

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Document Text Version

J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

Chitra Sonawane/Mayur

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CONTEMPT PETITION  NO. 529 OF  2019

Binod Agarwal S/O Sitaram Agarwal …Petitioner

Versus

State of Maharashtra, Thr. Commissioner Of 

Police And Ors.

…Respondents

Mr. Binod Agarwal (In-Person), for the Petitioner.

Mr. J.P. Yagnik, Addl. G.P., for the Respondent-State. 

Mr. Ketan K. Pawar, ACP (Rtd), and Mr. Sunil Rama Malgavi, API 

(Santacruz Police Station), present in Court. 

           CORAM       :SUMAN SHYAM &

ADVAIT M. SETHNA, JJ.

RESERVED ON       :08 JULY 2026.

PRONOUNCED ON :28 JULY 2026.

JUDGMENT (Per Advait M. Sethna, J.) :-

1.The Petitioner in person has preferred the present Contempt

proceedings   against   the   Respondents   for   acting   in   deliberate

defiance   and   wilful   disobedience   of   the   Judgment   and   Order

passed by the  Supreme Court and this Court in certain cases

namely Joginder Kumar Vs. State of U.P & Ors

1

, Lalita Kumari Vs.

1. (1994) SCC 4 260

Page 1 of 16

MAYUR

KONDIRAM

ADANE

Digitally signed

by MAYUR

KONDIRAM

ADANE

Date:

2026.07.28

16:14:17 +0530

J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

Government of Uttar Pradesh & Ors

2

, Arnesh Kumar Vs. State of

Bihar & Another

3

,  Leonard Xavier Valdaris & Ors Vs. Office-In-

Charge, Wadala Railway Police Station & Ors.

Accordingly, the

Petitioner prays for issuing (

suo moto) contempt action against the

Respondents by issuing notice under Rule 9 read with Rule 8 of the

Contempt of Courts (Bombay High Court), Rules, 1994 (

'said Rules'

for short).

2.Heard learned counsel appearing for the respective parties.

By consent of the parties, the Contempt Petition is taken up for

final disposal.

Factual Matrix :

3.The facts, in brief, necessary for adjudication of the present

Petition are as under:

4.An FIR bearing No. 93 of 2018 was registered against the

Petitioner on 11

th

  September 2018 for the offences punishable

under   Section   43   read   with   Section   66C   of   the   Information

Technology Act, 2000 ('IT Act'  for short) This was followed by a

2. (2014) SCC 2 1

3. 2014 SCC 8 273

4. WP/2110/2014 dated 13 August 2014

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J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

report   dated   24

th  

October   2018   submitted   before   the   learned

Additional   Chief   Metropolitan   Magistrate,   under   which   the

Respondents sought to invoke Section 70 of the IT Act, against the

Petitioner.  The Respondent No.3 has stated that upon completion

of   the   investigation,   a   charge-sheet   came   to   be   filed   on   14

th

December 2018, before the Trial Court.

5.Upon   investitgation   the   Petitioner   was   arrested   on  24

th

October 2018. The Petitioner remained in custody for a period of

approximately 65 days. The Petitioner was thereafter enlarged on

bail by an order dated 21

st

 December 2018 passed by the learned

Single Judge of this Court in Criminal Bail Application No. 3027 of

2018.

6.The Petitioner then moved Criminal Writ Petition No. 5182

of 2018 pending before this Court, seeking quashing of FIR No. 93

of 2018 dated 11

th

  September 2018.

7.During the pendency of the said proceedings, the parties

executed  and  filed  Consent  Terms on  19

th

  June  2019  in  Writ

Petition No. 5182 of 2018. It was recorded therein that all disputes

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J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

between them had been amicably resolved and that the complaints

lodged by each against the other would stand withdrawn.

8.The Division Bench of this Court by an order dated 20

th

June 2019 took the said consent terms dated 19

th  

June 2019 on

record and allowed the Petition by quashing Criminal Case No.

PW/2203356/2018 arising out of FIR No. 93 of 2018, registered

under the provisions of Section 43, 66(C), 70 of the IT Act read

with Section 408 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ('IPC ' for short).

9.The   said   Contempt   Petition   is,   thereafter,   filed   on   4

th

November 2019.

Rival Contentions :

10.Mr. Binod Agarwal, appearing in person, has vehemently

contended that the Respondents have acted in gross violation of

the orders and directions passed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court

and this Court in the aforesaid judgments (supra). It is contended

that the mandate of law contained in the said judgments has been

deliberately and wilfully disobeyed by the Respondents. This is

inasmuch   as,   the   arrest   of   the   Petitioner   was   in   complete

contravention of Section 41A of the Code of Criminal Procedure,

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J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

1973 ("CrPC" for short), thereby rendering the arrest completely

illegal. Moreover, the guidelines governing arrest as laid down by

the Hon'ble Supreme Court in  Arnesh Kumar (supra) have also

been flouted by the Respondents in arresting the Petitioner, thereby

rendering the arrest completely illegal.

11.Mr.   Agarwal   would   rely   on   the   decision   of   the   Hon'ble

Supreme Court in Arnesh Kumar (supra) to submit that failure to

comply with the directions issued in terms of Section 41A of the

CrPC   shall,   apart   from   rendering   the   police   officers   liable   to

departmental   action,   also   render   them   liable   to   be   proceeded

against   for   contempt   of   action,   to   be   instituted   before   the

concerned High Court having territorial jurisdiction.

12.Mr Agarwal would submit that the Petitioner was arrested

on 23

rd

 August 2018 without being informed of the reasons of his

arrest, thereby violating directions in the case of Joginder Kumar

(supra).  Further, the RTI reply dated 23

rd

 January 2019 for CCTV

footage   of   MIDC   Police   Station   was   not   provided   by   the

Respondents   citing   the   reasons   as   data   storage   not   available

thereby   violating   this   Court’s   order  Leonard Xavier Valdaris

(supra).

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J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

13.The Petitioner relying on  MCGM & Ors Vs. Muraji Patel &

Ors

5

 seeks similar issuance/initiation of suo moto action by issuing

notice under Rule 9 read with Rule 8 of the said Rules against the

Respondents.

14.Mr. Agarwal would submit that the registration of FIR No. 93

of 2018 against the Petitioner in the names of unknown persons is

also contrary to the directions issued by the Hon'ble Supreme

Court in Lalita Kumari (supra). Accordingly, the arrest was illegal

inasmuch   as   no   preliminary   inquiry   was   conducted   by   the

Respondents before registering the FIR for the cognizable offence,

violating the directions in the said Judgment.

15.He would then urge that, despite the offence under Section

66C  of   the IT  Act,  being bailable, the Petitioner  was  illegally

arrested and was subjected to illegal detention for a period of

approximately  65  days,  despite  being  completely  innocent.   He

would submit that the actions of the Respondents, resulting in the

illegal   arrest   and   unlawful   detention   of   the   Petitioner,   have

violated the mandate of the judgment of the Telangana High Court

5. (2018 SCC OnLine Bom 8871) 

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J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

in Ramadugu Omkar Varma Vs. Sri Ashok Naik

6

, decided on 24

th

January   2020.   This   inasmuch   as   the   Petitioner   was   arrested

without following the procedure prescribed under Section 41A of

the CrPC.  

16.It is for all the aforesaid reasons Mr Agarwal would urge that

a case of wilful and deliberate disobedience and defiance of the

directions contained in the judgments of the Hon'ble Supreme

Court and the High Court (supra) is clearly made out against the

Respondents, rendering them liable to be proceeded against for

contempt.

17.Per   contra,   Mr.   Yagnik,   learned   Additional   Government

Pleader appearing for the Respondent-State, has refuted all the

allegations made by the Petitioner appearing in person. He has also

invited our attention to the Affidavit-in-Reply dated 3

rd

  February

2023 filed on behalf of Respondent No. 3, namely Kedari Krishna

Pawar, which is on record in the present proceedings. Mr. Yagnik

would   urge   that   all   procedures   mandated   in   law   were   duly

followed   by   the   Respondents   throughout   the   course   of   the

investigation and also before arresting the Petitioner.

6. 2020 SCC OnLine TS 76

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18.Mr. Yagnik has more particularly referred to Section 41(1)(a)

of the CrPC, which pertains to the commission of a cognizable

offence, to contend that no notice preceding arrest is required in

such   a   situation.   Mr.   Yagnik   submits   that,   pursuant   to   the

registration of the FIR, the offence under Section 70 of the IT Act

came   to   be   incorporated   with   the   permission   of   the   learned

Additional   Metropolitan   Magistrate,   which   pertains   to   the

commission of a cognizable offence.

19.Mr. Yagnik would be at pains to point out that the conduct of

the   Petitioner   disentitles   him   from   claiming   any   relief   in   the

present contempt proceedings. This is inasmuch as the Petitioner

had voluntarily executed the Consent Terms dated 19

th

 June 2019,

whereby the parties voluntarily agreed to withdraw the litigations

and complaints against each other with a view to arriving at an

amicable settlement. 

20.Mr. Yagnik has placed due reliance on the order dated 20

th

June 2019 passed by this Court in Criminal Writ Petition No. 5182

of 2018 to contend that the criminal case pending before the

learned Additional Metropolitan Magistrate arising out of FIR No.

93 of 2018 against the Petitioner came to be quashed by consent

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J-CP-529-2019 (C).DOC

by the said Order dated 20

th  

June 2019. In view thereof, it is

submitted that the present proceedings are nothing but an abuse of

the process of law and deserve to be dismissed.

Analysis :

21.Heard learned counsel for the parties at length and with

their assistance we have perused the record. 

22.At the outset, from the record coupled with the submissions

advanced, it is discernible that the Petitioner is aggrieved by the

alleged   infraction   of   his   rights   arising   from   the   police  action,

which, according to the Petitioner, was not only unwarranted,

unjustified but also illegal. At this stage, it may be apposite to

observe   that   the  

sine   qua   non  for   civil   contempt   is   wilful

disobedience of any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or

other process of a Court, as envisaged under the Contempt of

Courts Act, 1971 ('

the said Act'  for short).

23.At this juncture, it is opposite to refer to the definition of

‘Civil Contempt’ as provided under Section 2(b) of the said Act,

which reads thus:-

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“2.  Definitions.—In   this   Act,   unless   the   context   otherwise

requires,—

(b)   “civil contempt”   means   wilful   disobedience   to   any

judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a

Court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a Court;”

24.In the given factual complexion, we find that there is no

determination   of   the   allegations/complaints/grievances   of   the

Petitioner against the alleged illegal actions of the Respondent

Authorities in any judicial proceedings. Though the Petitioner is

aggrieved by the alleged violation of his legal rights, as contended

by   him,   there   is   no   finding,   much   less   any   determination   or

conclusive adjudication, on this aspect in any order passed by the

Court.

25.We have carefully considered the submissions of Mr. Agarwal

that   the   directions   contained   in   the   decisions   of   the   Hon'ble

Supreme Court in Joginder Kumar, Arnesh Kumar, Lalita Kumari

(supra) and other judgments have allegedly been violated by the

Respondents. However, upon careful perusal of the said decisions,

we find that the observations made therein are in the context of

the facts of those cases. Though the principles laid down therein

may have application, for the same to be attracted in the given

facts, there must be tangible material and evidence to substantiate

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the correctness of such allegations in the facts of the given case.

Further, this needs to be translated into an Order passed by the

Court rendering findings or such infractions allegedly committed

by the Respondents.

26.We, prima facie, find that there is no such evidence, material

and/or order placed on record to support the case sought to be

made out by the Petitioner. The Petitioner has sought to project

serious   allegations   of   gross   violation   of   the   mandate   of   law,

including non-compliance with the directions laid down by the

Hon'ble Supreme Court in  Arnesh Kumar (supra) with regard to

the procedure preceding arrest. However, there is no order passed

considering, rendering a finding and/or adjudicating upon this

crucial aspect in the present proceedings. On the contrary, the

Petitioner had executed Consent Terms dated 19

th

 June 2019. This

followed by an order of this Court dated 20

th

 June 2019 whereby

the criminal proceedings, including FIR No. 93 of 2018 dated 11

th

September, 2018, came to be quashed by this Court, with the

consent of the parties, including the Petitioner. Be that as it may.

27.In   such   factual   backdrop,   we   do   not   find   any   of   the

ingredients   of   the   ‘civil   contempt’,   under   the   said   Act,   being

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attracted in this case. In our opinion, there is no wilful, deliberate

and/or intentional disobedience of the judgment/order passed by

this   Court,   by  the  Respondents,   so  as  to   justify  taking  action

against them under Section 14 of the said Act. In view thereof, the

question of invoking jurisdiction under Section 12 of the said Act,

which provides for punishment for contempt, in our considered

view, does not arise in the given factual complexion.

28.We   now  refer   to   the  definition   of   criminal   contempt   as

postulated under Section 2(c) of the said Act, which reads thus:-

“2.  

Definitions.—In   this   Act,   unless   the   context   otherwise

requires,—

(c) “criminal contempt” means the publication (whether by

words,   spoken   or   written,   or   by   signs,   or   by   visible

representations, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of

any other act whatsoever which—

(i) scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to

lower the authority of, any Court; or

(ii) prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with, the due

course of any judicial proceeding; or

(iii) interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends

to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner;”

Considering   the   above   and   adverting   to   the   facts   and

circumstances   in   the   given   case,   we   do   not   find   any   act   as

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contemplated under such sub-clause (i) and/or (ii) of Section 2(c),

so as to constitute criminal contempt against the Respondents.

29.In   the   present   proceedings,   the   Petitioner   has   alleged

interference   with   the   administration   of   justice   and   deliberate

defiance of binding judicial precedents which according to the

Petitioner   would   fall   within   the   the   ambit   of   the   expression

“Criminal Contempt” under the said Act.

30.In our considered view, though the Petitioner would contend

that contempt jurisdiction is independent of the fate of the FIR, we

have serious doubts as to whether the ingredients of criminal

contempt are satisfied, in any manner whatsoever. Accordingly, we

do not find this to be a fit case to initiate contempt proceedings

against the Respondents in the given factual complexion as sought

to be urged by the Petitioner in the absence of the requisites

thereof being met/satisfied.   For such reasons, the prayer of the

Petitioner to initiate any 

suo motu contempt action under Rule 9

read   with   Rule   8   of   the   said   Rules   does   not   appeal   to   our

conscience nor does it merit acceptance, in the given facts and

circumstances.

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31.As observed by us above, no satisfaction has been recorded

by the Court so as to meet 

'quint essential'  requirements of Section

14  and/or Section 15 of the said Act. There is no indication in any

Order passed by this Court in any judicial proceeding with regard

to the alleged illegal actions of the Respondents/Authorities which

would lead to wilful disobedience of any specific direction or Order

of this Court, and/or any act which may lead to interference in the

administration of justice. 

32.It   appears   that   the   case   of   the   Petitioner   is   to   seek

appropriate directions from this Court to directly apply the findings

in the Supreme Court decision of Joginder Kumar, Arnesh Kumar,

Lalita Kumari  (supra)   including   the   decision   of   this   Court   in

Leonard Xavier Valdaris. There is no quarrel with the proposition

that the directions contained in the Supreme Court Judgements

ought to be scrupulously followed. At the same time, there is no

prescription in law to apply such guidelines without a finding or

satisfaction recorded by the Court in regard to the correctness or

otherwise of the allegations made by the Petitioner including the

alleged illegality of the Respondents'/State action. In view thereof,

Court would ordinarily confine itself to the compliance of the

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operative directions contained in a specific order rendered in a

given   facts   and   circumstances.   This   is   so   as   to   arrive   at   a

conclusion whether there is a wilful/deliberate defiance of such

order so as to constitute ‘contempt’, under the said Act, in the

given facts and circumstances. This being the jurisprudence behind

contempt action as envisaged under the statute, the litmus test

prescribed   in   law,   which   the   Petitioner   in   the   given   factual

complexion, has unable to meet/satisfy.

33.In recording our observations above, we have duly taken

note   of   the   written   submissions   and   the   pleadings   on   record

including rejoinders filed by the Petitioner and sur-rejoinders of

Respondents thereto. For the sake of brevity and to avoid prolixity,

we   have   not   not   separately   dealt   with   the   allegations   and

averments raised  in each of  the said  pleadings.  However,  our

reasoning in the judgment has factored in all such averments and

allegations set out in, in the pleadings on record.

34.Before parting with the record, we may observe that civil

and criminal contempt are two distinctly different categories of

action contemplated under the aegis of the said Act. The attempt

of the Petitioner to use these interchangably and/or synonymously

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is   not   in   confirmity   with   the   statutory   scheme   of   the   said

legislation.   Therefore,   this   is   an   approach   which   we   cannot

countenance. Moreover, mere allegations questioning the arrest of

the Petitioner by the Respondents would not make out a case of

civil and/or criminal contempt of Court, unless the yardstick to

initiate such action is established to the Court’s satisfaction. This

would constitute the essence of contempt action, which we find is

missing in the given factual matrix. 

Conclusion :

35.For all the aforesaid reasons, no case of contempt of Court is

made out. We clarify that we have not delved into the merits of the

correctness   of   the   actions   and/or   allegations   made   by   the

Petitioner   against   the   Respondents,   which   may   be   agitated   in

appropriate proceedings, in accordance with law.

36.With   the   above   observations,   the   Contempt   Petition   is

Disposed of. 

(ADVAIT M. SETHNA, J.) (SUMAN SHYAM, J.) 

{

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Reference cases

Description

["

Bombay High Court Clarifies 'Contempt of Court' in Case Challenging Police Arrest Procedures

\n\nThis significant judgment from the Bombay High Court delves into the nuanced application of **Contempt of Court in India**, particularly concerning alleged non-compliance with established **Police Arrest Procedures**. The ruling, which sheds light on the prerequisites for initiating contempt action, is now available on CaseOn, offering legal professionals and students comprehensive insights into its implications.\n\n

The Core Legal Issue

\n\nThe central question before the Bombay High Court was whether the respondents—police authorities and the State of Maharashtra—had committed civil or criminal contempt of court. The petitioner, Mr. Binod Agarwal, alleged that his arrest and subsequent detention for approximately 65 days were in deliberate defiance and wilful disobedience of guiding judgments from the Supreme Court and the Bombay High Court regarding arrest procedures and the registration of FIRs. Specifically, the petitioner cited violations of principles laid down in cases such as *Joginder Kumar Vs. State of U.P & Ors*, *Lalita Kumari Vs. Government of Uttar Pradesh & Ors*, *Arnesh Kumar Vs. State of Bihar & Another*, and *Leonard Xavier Valdaris & Ors Vs. Office-In-Charge, Wadala Railway Police Station & Ors*.\n\n

The Legal Framework and Guiding Principles

\n\n

Understanding Civil and Criminal Contempt

\n\nThe court began by reiterating the definitions of 'civil contempt' and 'criminal contempt' as outlined in the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971. Civil contempt requires 'wilful disobedience' to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ, or other court process, or 'wilful breach' of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal contempt, on the other hand, involves acts that scandalise or lower the authority of any court, prejudice or interfere with judicial proceedings, or obstruct the administration of justice.\n\n

Landmark Judgments on Arrest Procedures

\n\nThe petitioner heavily relied on several landmark judgments that establish guidelines for police actions, particularly regarding arrests:\n
    \n
  • Joginder Kumar Vs. State of U.P & Ors (1994): Emphasises the right of an arrested person to be informed of the grounds of arrest.
  • \n
  • Arnesh Kumar Vs. State of Bihar & Another (2014): Mandates specific procedures for police officers before arresting individuals, especially in cases where the offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term that may extend to seven years. Non-compliance can lead to departmental action and contempt proceedings.
  • \n
  • Lalita Kumari Vs. Government of Uttar Pradesh & Ors (2014): Directs that a preliminary inquiry might be necessary before registering an FIR in certain types of cases.
  • \n
  • Leonard Xavier Valdaris & Ors Vs. Office-In-Charge, Wadala Railway Police Station & Ors (2014): An order from the Bombay High Court, which the petitioner alleged was also violated, particularly regarding CCTV footage requests.
  • \n
\n\n

Analyzing the Court's Reasoning

\n\n

Petitioner's Grievances and Police Actions

\n\nMr. Agarwal's case stemmed from an FIR (No. 93 of 2018) registered against him on September 11, 2018, under sections of the IT Act and IPC. He was arrested on October 24, 2018, and remained in custody for 65 days before being granted bail. His core argument was that the arrest was illegal due to a lack of prior notice under Section 41A of the CrPC, absence of informed reasons for arrest, and failure to conduct a preliminary inquiry as per Supreme Court directives.\n\n

The Role of Prior Adjudication in Contempt

\n\nThe High Court carefully considered the petitioner's arguments but noted a crucial absence: there was no prior judicial finding or determination that the police actions against the petitioner were, in fact, illegal or in violation of any specific court order. The court observed that while the principles from *Joginder Kumar*, *Arnesh Kumar*, and *Lalita Kumari* are significant, their application in a contempt proceeding requires a prior adjudication that these principles were indeed violated in the specific facts of the case, and that such violation amounted to a 'wilful disobedience' of a court order.\n\nFor legal professionals, navigating such complex rulings is streamlined with CaseOn.in. Our 2-minute audio briefs provide quick, essential summaries, helping you analyze specific judgments like this without wading through lengthy texts.\n\n

The Impact of Consent Terms

\n\nCrucially, the court highlighted that the petitioner had voluntarily entered into Consent Terms on June 19, 2019, with the respondents. These terms amicably resolved all disputes, leading to the quashing of the criminal case (FIR No. 93 of 2018) against the petitioner by an order of the High Court dated June 20, 2019. This amicable settlement, the court reasoned, further complicated the claim of 'wilful disobedience' against a specific, ongoing court order.\n\n

Distinguishing Civil and Criminal Contempt in Practice

\n\nThe High Court found that the petitioner's allegations, though serious, did not meet the 'sine qua non' for civil contempt—wilful disobedience of a court order. There was no direct order from the court that the respondents had specifically defied. Similarly, the court did not find that the alleged actions constituted criminal contempt, as there was no evidence of scandalizing the court, interfering with judicial proceedings, or obstructing the administration of justice in a manner contemplated by Section 2(c) of the Act. The court emphasized that mere allegations of illegal arrest, without a prior judicial finding of such illegality and wilful disobedience of a specific court direction, do not automatically trigger contempt proceedings.\n\n

The Court's Final Decision

\n\nFor all the aforementioned reasons, the Bombay High Court concluded that no case for contempt of court, either civil or criminal, was made out against the respondents. The court clarified that its decision did not delve into the merits of the petitioner's allegations regarding the correctness or legality of the police actions, leaving such matters to be agitated in appropriate proceedings in accordance with law. The Contempt Petition No. 529 of 2019 was therefore disposed of.\n\n

Why This Judgment Matters

\n\nThis judgment serves as a vital reminder for lawyers and law students about the strict prerequisites for initiating contempt proceedings. It underscores that while landmark judgments like *Arnesh Kumar* set important guidelines for police conduct, a contempt action against alleged violations typically requires a prior judicial determination that specific directions were violated wilfully. The presence of an amicable settlement (Consent Terms) that led to the quashing of the original criminal case also significantly impacts the viability of a subsequent contempt petition. This case highlights the distinction between seeking remedies for alleged illegal actions through regular legal channels and invoking the extraordinary jurisdiction of contempt, which demands a clear case of wilful disobedience or obstruction of justice. It reinforces that the Contempt of Courts Act is not a general remedy for all grievances against executive actions but a tool to uphold the majesty of the judiciary by ensuring compliance with its specific orders.\n\n

Disclaimer

\n\nAll information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, readers are advised to consult with a qualified legal professional for advice on specific legal matters."]

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