IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. OF 2010

(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 24873 OF 2010)

Centre for Public Interest Litigation ……..Appellants

and others

Versus

The Union of India and others …….Respondents

O R D E R

G.S. Singhvi, J.

1.Leave granted.

2.Feeling aggrieved by refusal of the Division Bench of the Delhi High

Court to entertain the writ petition filed by them for a court monitored

investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation (for short, ‘the CBI’) or

a Special Investigating Team into what has been termed as ‘2G Spectrum

Scam’ for unearthing the role of respondent No.5-Shri A. Raja, the then

Union Minister for the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), senior

officers of that department, middlemen, businessmen and others, the

appellants have invoked the jurisdiction of this Court under Article 136 of

the Constitution.

3.After issue of notice by this Court on 13.9.2010, the parties have filed

affidavits and large number of documents including performance audit

report (draft and final) prepared by the Comptroller and Auditor General of

India (CAG) on the issue of licences and allocation of 2G Spectrum by the

Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and

Information Technology for the period from 2003-04 to 2009-10, which has

been submitted to the President of India as per the requirement of Article

151 of the Constitution, a compact disc allegedly containing conversation of

Ms. Niira Radia with some public representatives, businessmen, journalists

and alleged middlemen and written submissions.

4.On 29.11.2010, Shri K.K. Venugopal, learned senior counsel

appearing for the CBI produced two sealed envelopes containing status

report prepared in relation to Case No.RCDAI 2009 A0045 (2G Spectrum

case).

5.On 8.12.2010, Shri Harin P. Raval, learned Additional Solicitor

General representing the CBI and the Directorate of Enforcement produced

2

before the Court the report prepared by the Enforcement Directorate in a

sealed envelope, which was opened in the Court. After going through the

report, the report was placed in the sealed cover and returned to Shri Raval.

6.For detailed examination of the issues raised by the appellants, it will

be useful to notice the background in which spectrum licences were given to

different parties in 2008. These are:

(i) Till 1994, telecommunication services were absolute monopoly

of the Government of India. In November, 1994, the Central Government

framed National Telecom Policy (NTP) permitting private sector

involvement in the telecommunication sector.

(ii) In the first phase, two Cellular Mobile Telephone Services

(CMTS) licenses were awarded in each of the four metro cities i.e. Delhi,

Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai to the private entrepreneurs, who satisfied a

predetermined set of criteria. The license fee payable by the operators was

also predetermined and there was no bidding.

(iii) In the second phase, two CMTS licenses were awarded in 18

telecom circles sometime in December, 1995 through bidding process.

3

(iv) In January, 1995, tenders were invited for award of Basic

Service Operator (BSO) licenses for license fee payable over a period of 15

years.

(v) In 1997, Parliament enacted the Telecom Regulatory Authority

of India Act (for short, ‘the Act’) for facilitating establishment and

incorporation of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). Section 11

of the TRAI Act, which enumerates the functions of Authority, reads as

under: -

“11. Functions of Authority. – (1) Notwithstanding anything

contained in the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 (13 of 1885), the

functions of the Authority shall be to–

(a)make recommendations, either suo motu or on a request

from the licensor, on the following matters, namely:–

(i) need and timing for introduction of new

service provider;

(ii) terms and conditions of license to a service

provider;

(iii) xxx xxx xxx

(iv) measures to facilitate competition and

promote efficiency in the operation of

telecommunication services so as to

facilitate growth in such services;

(v) xxx xxx xxx

(vi) xxx xxx xxx

4

(vii) measures for the development of

telecommunication technology and any

other matter relatable to telecommunication

industry in general;

(viii) efficient management of available spectrum;

(b)discharge the following functions, namely:–

(i)ensure compliance of terms and conditions of

license;

(ii)notwithstanding anything contained in the terms

and conditions of the license granted before the

commencement of the Telecom Regulatory

Authority of India (Amendment) Act, 2000, fix the

terms and conditions of inter-connectivity between

the service providers;

(iii)xxx xxx xxx

(iv)regulate arrangement amongst service providers of

sharing their revenue derived from providing

telecommunication services;

(v)xxx xxx xxx

(vi)xxx xxx xxx

(vii)xxx xxx xxx

(viii)xxx xxx xxx

(ix)ensure effective compliance of universal service

obligations;

(c)levy fees and other charges at such rates and in respect of

such services as may be determined by regulations;

5

(d)perform such other functions including such

administrative and financial functions as may be entrusted to it

by the Central Government or as may be necessary to carry out

the provisions of this Act;

Provided that the recommendations of the Authority

specified in clause (a) of this sub-section shall not be binding

upon the Central Government:

Provided further that the Central Government shall seek

the recommendations of the Authority in respect of matters

specified in sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause (a) of this sub-

section in respect of new license to be issued to a service

provider and the Authority shall forward its recommendations

within a period of sixty days from the date on which that

Government sought the recommendations:

Provided also that the Authority may request the Central

Government to furnish such information or documents as may

be necessary for the purpose of making recommendations under

sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause (a) of this sub-section and that

Government shall supply such information within a period of

seven days from receipt of such request:

Provided also that the Central Government may issue a

license to a service provider if no recommendations are

received from the Authority within the period specified in the

second proviso or within such period as may be mutually

agreed upon between the Central Government and the

Authority:

Provided also that if the Central Government having

considered that recommendation of the Authority, comes to a

prima facie conclusion that such recommendation cannot be

accepted or needs modifications, it shall refer the

recommendation back to the Authority for its reconsideration,

and the Authority may, within fifteen days from the date of

receipt of such reference, forward to the Central Government its

recommendation after considering the reference made by that

6

Government. After receipt or further recommendation if any,

the Central Government shall take a final decision.

(2) to (3)xxx xxx xxx

(4)The Authority shall ensure transparency while exercising

its powers and discharging its functions.”

(vi) On 20.11.1998, Government of India constituted a high level

group on telecom matters for making recommendations on three major

issues including formulation of new telecom policy. The group

recommended changes in the existing telecom policy and resolution of the

problem of the existing operators. These recommendations were considered

by the Union Cabinet, which approved the New Telecom Policy, 1999 (NTP

1999).

(vii) In July, 1999, the Central Government decided to offer

migration package to the existing licensees to the revenue sharing regime

under the new policy.

(viii) In 1999-2000, the Central Government granted CMTS licenses

to MTNL and BSNL as third CMTS operator.

(ix) The CAG in his Report No.6 of 2000 – P&T severely criticized

the concession granted by the Department of Personnel as also the offer of

7

migration to the existing licensees. However, no concrete action appears to

have been taken except that the DoT had made available para-wise reply to

the CAG.

(x) In September/October, 2001, the Government accepted the

recommendations of TRAI and 17 new CMTS licenses were issued to

private companies as fourth operator (one each in 4 metro cities and

remaining 13 in other telecom circles).

(xi) On 25.1.2001, DoT issued guidelines for issue of license for

basic telephone service.

(xii) On 27.10.2003, TRAI forwarded its recommendations on

Unified Licensing Regime. Paragraphs 7.15 to 7.19 and 7.37 to 7.39 of

those recommendations are extracted below:

“Recommendations on Entry Fee, Rollout obligations and

Performance Bank Guarantee:

7.15To decide the benchmark for the entry fee for Unified

Access Licensing Regime three alternatives could be

considered which are discussed in the subsequent

paragraphs.

7.16The first alternative could be inviting bids from existing

operators as well as from the new prospective Unified

Access Licensing Operators. This is possible since

additional spectrum is now being made available by

Ministry of Defence and the existing contractual

8

commitments to existing cellular and WLL players can

easily be met, leaving out a balance for more players.

The benchmarks fixed through this process will be up-to-

date based upon the current market situation and will be

done through a transparent process. The problems

associated with the bidding process are as follows:

i) The fixing of the benchmarks through a

bidding process could be more time

consuming and hence delay the

implementation of Unified Licensing.

ii)While inviting bids the question will be

whether it should be done with spectrum or

without any spectrum, i.e. only for migration

to Unified Licensing Regime. If the bids are

invited without spectrum, the new

prospective Unified Licensing operators will

not be able to roll out their wireless services

in the absence of spectrum. If the separate

bids are invited for Unified Licensing and

spectrum, the bidding process will become

even more time consuming and complicated.

In case additional spectrum is given for

Unified Licensing operators, the existing

operators, while migrating to Unified Access

Licensing Regime, may also demand

additional spectrum which may not be

available immediately. This will stall

migration to the Unified Access Licensing

Regime.

iii)Unless the revised spectrum pricing and

allocations guidelines are finalised, there is

no guarantee that the spectrum would be

made available to existing operators willing

to migrate to the Unified Licensing Regime.

Considering all these problems, the Authority is of the

opinion that the bidding process for fixing up of the

9

benchmarks for migration to Unified Licensing Regime

may not be preferable.

7.17The second alternative could be that basic service

operators willing to migrate to Unified Access Licensing

Regime should pay the difference in entry fee of average

of 1

st

and 2

nd

cellular operators and entry fee paid by

Basic Service Operators. This argument is not

sustainable due to the following reasons:-

i)CMSPs in pre NTP’99 era before migration did

not pay any license fee (revenue share).

ii)1

st

and 2

nd

CMSPs got the advantage of early

entry to the market in a duopoly regime.

Some of the operators have said that they are incurring

losses. In this business losses are incurred initially, e.g.,

Orange, one of the largest mobile operators in U.K., took

almost seven years to break even. Even in India some of

the Service providers have started making profits. A

number of studies have shown that even at present tariff

levels the addition of new subscribers is profitable.

7.18The 3

rd

alternative is that the existing entry fee of the

fourth Cellular Operator would be the entry fee in the

new Unified Access Licensing Regime. BSOs would pay

the difference of the fourth CMSP’s existing entry fee

and the entry fee paid by them. It may be recalled that,

even in the past, entry to cellular and basic services has

been on fixed fee basis, e.g., for metros in the case of

cellular and for the second BSO.

7.19It is recommended that the 3

rd

alternative as mentioned in

para-7.18 above may be accepted for fixing the entry fee

for migration to Unified Access Licensing regime for

Basic and Cellular services at the circle level.

xxx xxx xxx

xxx xxx xxx

10

xxx xxx xxx

Competition

7.37On the issue of introducing more competition, the TRAI

has always been in favour of open and healthy

competition. In its recommendations on the introduction

of the 5

th

and 6

th

Cellular Mobile license, the TRAI

opined that

“Induction of additional mobile service providers

in various service areas can be considered if there

is adequate availability of spectrum for the existing

service providers as well as for the new players, if

permitted.”

Taking cognizance of spectrum availability, the

TRAI is in favour of introducing more competition.

However, we feel that it in lieu of more cellular

operators, it would be more appropriate to have

competition in a Unified Licensing framework which will

be initiated after six months.

Time and need of introduction of more service providers

7.38As already mentioned earlier, with the continuing growth

trend, the expected wireless subscriber base by

December, 2005 will be 100 million. To achieve 100

million wireless subscribers (cellular & WLL both) the

required investment is of the order of Rs.50,000 crores.

As brought out in para 6.5 this highlights a need at

present itself for greater efforts by existing and new

service providers to expand the investment and to meet

the marked demand for telecom services and help

achieve the objectives of telecom growth and

development in the country.

7.39As brought out in Para-7.37 above, the induction of

additional mobile service providers in various service

areas can be considered if there is adequate availability of

spectrum. As the existing players have to improve the

11

efficiency of utilisation of spectrum and if Government

ensures availability of additional spectrum then in the

existing Licensing Regime, they may introduce

additional players through a multi-stage bidding process

as was followed for 4

th

cellular operator.”

(xiii) The recommendations of the TRAI were considered by the

Group of Ministers (GoM), which, in turn, recommended the following

course of action:

“(i)….The scope of NTP-99 may be enhanced to provide for

licensing of Unified Access Services for basic and cellular

licence services and unified Licensing comprising all telecom

services. Department of Telecommunications may be

authorised to issue necessary addendum to NTP-99 to this

effect.

(ii)The recommendations of TRAI with regard to

implementation of the Unified Access Licensing Regime for

basic and cellular services may be accepted.”

(xiv) The recommendations of GoM were accepted by the Union

Cabinet in its meeting held on 31.10.2003. Thereafter, NTP 1999 was

amended vide office memorandum dated 11.11.2003. On the same day,

guidelines were issued for Unified Access (Basic and Cellular) Services

License (UASL).

(xv) On 14.11.2003, TRAI clarified that the entry fee of the new

Unified Licensee would be the entry fee of the 4

th

cellular operator and in

12

service areas where there is no 4

th

operator – the entry fee of the existing

BSO fixed by the Government (based on TRAI’s recommendations).

(xvi) In November, 2003, the DoT decided to accept and process

UASL applications in the same manner as was done in the case of BSO

applications.

(xvii) On 13.1.2005, TRAI recommended that till Unified Licensing

comes into effect, the current regime of spectrum pricing will continue and

the telecom services should not be seen as a source of revenue for the

Government. On 14.12.2005, revised UASL guidelines were issued.

(xviii) On 13.4.2007, a reference was made to TRAI by the DoT

stating that after finalisation of UASL policy, 159 licences had been issued

for providing Access Services (CMTS/UASL/Basic) in the country and the

Access Service Providers were mostly providing services by using the

wireless technology (CDMA/GSM). It was also indicated that as per the

existing policy of granting license, there was increase in the demand on

spectrum in a substantial manner and the Government was contemplating

review of its policy. A suggestion was also made that a limit can be put on

the number of Access Service Providers in each service area because the

spectrum is a scarce resource and to ensure that adequate quantity of

13

spectrum is available to the licensee to enable them to provide their services

and to maintain the quality of service. The issues on which opinion of TRAI

was sought included transfer of licences, guidelines dated 21.2.2004 on

mergers and acquisitions, to permit service providers to offer Access Service

using combination of technologies (CDMA/GSM/Basic or any other) under

the same license and rollout obligations.

(xix) In May, 2007, respondent No.5 took over as Minister for the

Department of Telecommunications.

(xx) The TRAI submitted its recommendations on 28.8.2007,

paragraphs 2.37, 2.78 and 2.79 whereof are as under:

“Para 2.37:No cap be placed on the number of access service

providers in any service area.

Para 2.78:“Keeping in view the objective of growth,

affordability, penetration of wireless services in semi-urban and

rural areas, the Authority is not in favour of changing the

spectrum fee regime for a new entrant. Opportunity for equal

competition has always been one of the prime principles of the

Authority in suggesting a regulatory framework in telecom

services. Any differential treatment to a new entrant vis-à-vis

incumbents in the wireless sector will go against the principle

of playing field. This is specific and restricted to 2G bands

only i.e. 800, 900 and 1800 MHz. This approach assumes more

significance particularly in the context where subscriber

acquisition cost for a new entrant is likely to be much higher

than for the incumbent wireless operators.

14

Para 2.79It is therefore recommended that in future all

spectrum excluding the spectrum in 800, 900 and 1800 bands

should be auctioned so as to ensure efficient utilization of this

scarce resource. In the 2G bands (800 MHz/900MHz/1800

MHz), the allocation through auction may not be possible as the

service providers were allocated spectrum at different times of

their license and the amount of spectrum with them varies from

2X4.4 MHz in CDMA technology. Therefore, to decide the cut

off after which the spectrum is auctioned will be difficult and

might raise the issue of level playing field.”

(xxi) The recommendations of TRAI were placed before Telecom

Commission sometime in October, 2007. However, none of the four non-

permanent members of the Telecom Commission i.e. the Finance Secretary,

Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Secretary,

Department of Information Technology and Secretary, Planning

Commission were even informed about the meeting of the Telecom

Commission. In that meeting, a committee of 6 officers all belonging to

DoT was constituted and the committee submitted its report on 10.10.2007

virtually dittoing the recommendations of the TRAI.

(xxii) Three of the four companies, which were providing CDMA

based mobile services under UAS licence had applied in 2006 for permission

to use GSM technology. At the relevant time, combination of technologies

(CDMA, GSM and/or any other) was not permitted. Therefore, the DoT did

not accept their request. After receipt of the recommendations of TRAI, a

15

decision was taken by the DoT on 17.10.2007 for use of alternate technology

albeit without referring the mater to full Telecom Commission. DoT issued

press release on 19.10.2007 on the issue of use of alternate technology.

However, a day before that i.e., 18.10.2007, three operators who had applied

for use of alternate technology were given ‘in principle’ approval for using

GSM technology.

(xxiii) In the meanwhile, a press note was issued by DoT incorporating

therein the decision that new applications for UASL will not be accepted

after 1.10.2007 till further orders. As on that date, 167 applications had been

received. These included the applications which had not been processed

since March, 2006. After publication of the press release, 408 more

applications were received. Thus, as on 1.10.2007, 575 applications were

received for UASL in respect of 22 service areas.

(xxiv) Member (Technology), Telecom Commission sent letter dated

26.10.2007 to the Secretary, Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law

and Justice for obtaining opinion of the learned Attorney General of

India/Solicitor General of India on the issue of grant of new licences as well

as grant of approval for use of dual technology spectrum to the existing

operators so as to enable the DoT to handle the unprecedented situation in a

16

fair and equitable manner, which will be equally tenable. The letter was

accompanied by a statement of case.

(xxv) The Law Secretary prepared a note on 1.11.2007, which was

placed before the Law Minister. The latter opined that keeping in view the

importance of the case and various options indicated in the statement of

case, the whole issue needs to be first considered by an empowered Group of

Ministers and in that process legal opinion of the Attorney General can be

obtained.

(xxvi) On the next day i.e. 2.11.2007, respondent No.5 dispatched

D.O. letter to the Prime Minister in which he indicated that the suggestion of

the Law Ministry was totally out of context and, at the same time, asserted

that the department had decided to continue with the existing policy i.e.

First-Come-First-Served for processing of applications received up to

25.9.2007 and the procedure for processing the remaining applications will

be decided at the later stage, if any spectrum is available.

(xxvii) It appears that even before the D.O. letter sent by respondent

No.5 was received in his office, the Prime Minister sent a letter to him

drawing his attention to the issues raised by the telecom sector companies

17

and others on the processing of large number of applications in the backdrop

of inadequate spectrum. The Prime Minister’s letter was accompanied by a

note in which five issues were identified. On the same day, respondent No.5

sent another letter to the Prime Minister stating that it will be unfair,

discriminatory, arbitrary and capricious to auction the spectrum to new

applicants as it will not give them level playing field.

(xxviii)On 22.11.2007, the Finance Secretary wrote to the Secretary,

DoT expressing his serious reservation on the decision of the DoT on the

issue of determination of fee for grant of licences in 2007 at the rate

determined in 2001. He emphasized that in view of the financial

implications, the Ministry of Finance should have been consulted before

finalizing the decision and requested that further action to implement the

licences may be stayed. In reply, the Secretary DoT sent D.O. dated

29.11.2007 stating therein that entry fee was finalised for UAS regime in

2003 as per the decision of the Cabinet and the dual technology licences

were issued on TRAI recommendations of 28.8.2007.

(xxix) On 3.1.2008, a meeting of full Telecom Commission was fixed

for 9.1.2008 to consider the following issues: -

(i)Performance of telecom sector.

18

(ii)Pricing of spectrum.

(iii)Any other item with the permission of Chairman.

However, vide letter dated 7.1.2008, Joint Secretary (T), DoT

informed the members of the Commission that meeting scheduled for

9.1.2008 has been postponed to 15.1.2008.

(xxx) After three days of postponement of the meeting of Telecom

Commission, a press release was issued by DoT that the department had

decided to issue Letter of Intents (LOIs) only to those applicants, who had

applied up to 25.9.2007. It was also indicated that the department has been

implementing a policy of First-Come-First-Served for grant of UASL under

which initially an application which is received first will be processed first

and thereafter, LOI will be granted to those found eligible and UAS licence

will be given to those whosoever complies with the conditions of LOI first.

On the same day, the DoT issued another press release at 2.45 P.M. asking

all the applicants to assemble at the departmental headquarter within 45

minutes to collect response of DoT. The eligible LOI holders were also

asked to submit compliance of the terms of LOI within the prescribed

period.

19

(xxxi) All the applicants, eligible or not, collected their LOIs and

acceptance of 120 applications was also received on the same day.

Compliance of the terms and conditions of LOI was also made for 78

applications on 10.1.2008.

(xxxii) Soon after obtaining the licences, Swan Telecom which had paid

licence fee of Rs.1537 crores only off loaded its 45% stake to Etisalat for

Rs.4,500 crores and Unitech, which obtained licence for Rs.1651 crores off

loaded 60% of its stake to Telenor for Rs.6120 crores.

(xxxiii)S. TEL Ltd., which had submitted application pursuant to press

note dated 24.9.2007 but whose application was not considered along with

other applicants in view of the anti-dating of the cut off date, filed Writ Petition

No. 636/2008 in the Delhi High Court for quashing first press release dated

10.1.2008.The learned Single Judge referred to the recommendation made by

the TRAI that there should be no cap on the number of excess service providers

in any service area and observed that on the one hand, the Government of India

accepted the recommendation of the TRAI but acted just contrary by amending

the cut off date and thereby limiting the service providers whose applications

could be considered for grant of licence. The learned Single Judge held that

there was no rational basis for fixing 25.9.2007 as the cut off date and there was

20

no justification to change the rules of game after the game had begun.

Accordingly, he allowed the writ petition and directed the respondents to

consider the application of the writ petitioner for 16 circles.

(xxxiv) L.P.A. No. 388/2009 filed by the Union of India against the order

of the learned Single Judge was dismissed by the Division Bench and the order

of the learned Single Judge was upheld.

(xxxv) Special Leave Petition No. 33406/2009 filed by the Union of

India, which was converted into C.A. No. 2355/2010 was disposed of by this

Court on 12.3.2010 after taking into consideration the additional affidavit filed

by the writ petitioner and suggestion made by the Attorney General. However,

the finding recorded by the High Court on the issue of change of cut off date

was not disturbed.

(xxxvi) On 4.5.2009, appellant No.2 – Telecom Watchdog submitted

detailed representation to the Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) pointing

out irregularities committed in the grant of UASL. After 5 days, one Shri A.K.

Agarwal made a complaint to the CVC to highlight how manipulations were

made by some of the applicants for getting the licences and how the exercise

undertaken by the DoT for grant of UASL has resulted in serious financial loss

to the public exchequer.

21

(xxxvii)The CVC got conducted an inquiry under Section 8(d) of the

Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 and noticed some grave irregularities

in the grant of licences. On 12.10.2009, a copy of the report prepared on the

basis of the said inquiry was forwarded by the CVC to the Director, CBI to

investigate into the matter to establish the criminal conspiracy in the allocation

of 2G Spectrum under UASL policy of DoT and to bring to book all wrong

doers. On receipt of the aforesaid communication from the CVC, CBI

registered FIR No. RC-DAI-2009-A-0045 dated 21.10.2009 against unknown

officials of DoT and unknown private persons/companies and others for offence

under Section 120B IPC read with Section 13(2) and 13(1)(d) of the Prevention

of Corruption Act, 1988.

Submissions:

7.Shri Prashant Bhusan, learned counsel for the appellants argued that

the allocation of spectrum on 10.1.2008 has resulted in huge loss to the

public exchequer and, therefore, a thorough probe is necessary by an

independent agency so that all the persons who may be found guilty are

brought before law and punished. Learned counsel extensively referred to

the documents produced by the parties before the High Court and this Court

including letter dated 20.11.2009 of the Joint Secretary of Income Tax and

22

the report of the CAG and argued that the Court should direct the CBI to

conduct investigation on various issues including grant of permission for use

of dual/alternate technology to three operators a day before the policy

decision was announced to the public by means of press release dated

19.10.2007, the change of cut off date from 1.10.2007 to 25.9.2007, issue of

LOIs by DoT on 10.1.2008, gross violation of the policy of first-come-first-

served, non compliance of the rollout and other obligations by the licensees,

failure of the TRAI and DoT to ensure that the licensee complied with the

conditions on which they were permitted to use the spectrum and huge loss

caused to the public exchequer by manipulative mechanism as also sale of

equities by different licensees to foreign companies. Learned counsel

referred to para 6.31(iv) of the TRAI recommendation to show that no

proposal for permission for merger and acquisition could be entertained till

the fulfillment of rollout obligations but DoT acted contrary to the TRAI

recommendation without complying with fifth proviso to Section 11 of the

Act and as a result of that the licensees violated the conditions of licence

with impunity. Shri Bhushan submitted that the grant of licences on the

basis of 2001 price in the garb of implementing the recommendations made

by TRAI has resulted in loss to the public exchequer to the tune of more

than Rs.1,76,000 crores.

23

8.Learned counsel submitted that since the spectrum was scarce, the

grant of licences on the basis of 2001 price was ex facie contrary to public

interest and a mala fide action on the part of respondent No.5 and officers of

DoT who had connived with the private operators and others including those

in realty and infrastructure sectors for extraneous considerations. Learned

counsel emphasized that majority of 122 applicants to whom the licences

were granted were ineligible and, therefore, the TRAI has recommended

cancellation of their licences. Shri Bhushan then submitted that the CAG

has assessed the loss by using different methods and, therefore, the report

prepared by him should constitute a basis for further investigation. Learned

counsel made a pointed reference to the finding recorded by the CAG that

soon after getting licences for a price of Rs.1600 crores or less, the licensees

have transferred their stakes to the operators outside the country and made

profits running into many thousand crores. Learned counsel submitted that

the mechanism adopted by the DoT, which was headed by respondent No.5

at the relevant time to hold meeting of Telecom Commission in October,

2007 without informing the non permanent members (four Secretaries of

important Departments of Government) and postponement of the meeting of

Telecom Commission scheduled for 7.1.2008, issuance of two press releases

24

on 10.1.2008, grant of 45 minutes to the applicants to collect LOIs and the

very fact that some of the applicants could submit bank drafts of Rs.1600

crores within few hours shows that everything had been pre-fixed with a

view to favour some operators at the cost of public revenue. Learned

counsel pointed out that the mechanism of auction adopted for allocation of

3G Spectrum has yielded more than 60,000 crores and if the same

methodology was adopted for allocation of 2G Spectrum, the country would

have been richer by more than a lac and half crores. Learned counsel

submitted that the investigation being conducted by the CBI should be

monitored by the Court by appointing two independent investigators who

should be persons of unimpeachable integrity and who should be conversant

with the functioning of the CBI. He lamented that while the CAG has

submitted the final report within few months from the receipt of relevant

records from the CBI and the Directorate of Income Tax (Investigation), the

CBI has not been able to make any tangible progress. Shri Prashant

Bhushan also referred to the reports appearing in a section of media about

grant of huge loans by public sector and other banks to the applicants to

facilitate their participation in the allotment of UAS licences and submitted

that the CBI should be asked to investigate this aspect as well to unearth the

conspiracy between the companies engaged in realty and infrastructure

25

sectors and the banks which enabled the former to earn huge profits without

even complying with their obligations under the licence.

9.Shri K.K. Venugopal, learned senior counsel appearing for the CBI

relied upon the judgments of this Court in Bhagwant Singh v.

Commissioner of Police (1983) 3 SCC 344, State of West Bengal v.

Sampat Lal (1985) 1 SCC 317, R.S. Sodhi v. State of U.P. (1994) Supp 1

SCC 143, Director, Central Bureau of Investigation v. Niyamavedi

(1995) 3 SCC 601, Vineet Narain v. Union of India (1996) 2 SCC 199,

Anukul Chandra Pradhan v. Union of India (1996) 6 SCC 354, Union of

India v. Sushil Kumar Modi (1997) 4 SCC 770, Superintendent of Police,

CBI v. Tapan Kumar Singh (2003) 6 SCC 175, M.C. Mehta v. Union of

India (2007) 1 SCC 110, Divine Retreat Centre v. State of Kerala (2008)

3 SCC 542, Dukhishyam Benupani, Assistant Director, Enforcement

Directorate (FERA) v. Arun Kumar Bajoria (1998) 1 SCC 52, Janta Dal

v. H.S. Choudhary (1992) 4 SCC 305, D. Venkatasubramaniam and

others v. M.K. Mohan Krishnamachari (2009) 10 SCC 488, State of

Haryana v. Bhajan Lal (1992) Supp 1 SCC 335 and argued that the Court

should not make any order which may cast any reflection on the ability of

the CBI to conduct the investigation into a case in which allegations of

26

corruption have been leveled against various functionaries of the

Government including respondent No.5. Learned senior counsel

emphasized that the CBI has always conducted investigations objectively

and, therefore, there is no reason to think that the investigation in the present

case will not be fair and impartial or that any attempt will be made to shield

any one. Learned counsel pointed out that after registering the first

information report, the CBI has conducted raids, collected voluminous

records and copies of the tapped conversation of Ms. Niira Radia and

examined more than three dozen witnesses. He submitted that the CBI will

submit further progress report to the Court within 8 weeks and try to

complete the investigation by the end of March, 2011.

10.Shri Gopal Subramanian, learned Solicitor General argued that UAS

licences were granted in 2008 on the price fixed in 2001 because the TRAI

had recommended that the new entrant should not be subjected to

discriminatory treatment and there should be level playing field for all the

applicants. Learned Solicitor General submitted that the recommendations

made by the TRAI were approved by the Government and as such the same

cannot be termed as illegal or arbitrary. He submitted that the TRAI is an

expert body established for rapid growth of telecommunication services and

27

there is no reason to doubt the credibility of the recommendations made by it

on 28.8.2007 for grant of licences on the principle of first-come-first-served

basis by treating the 2001 price as the bench-mark. The learned Solicitor

General submitted that the loss indicated in the report of CAG is based on

assumptions and at this stage the Court may not make the said

recommendations as the basis for recording a finding whether or not any loss

has been caused to the public exchequer and/or magnitude of the loss. He

submitted that the Central Government has, after considering the

recommendation made by the TRAI, already initiated action for cancellation

of the licences of the ineligible applicants and also those who failed to

comply with the conditions of licence including rollout obligation.

11.Shri Harin P. Raval, learned Additional Solicitor General referred to

the provisions of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002 and the

Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 and argued that soon after

receiving complaint, which was forwarded by the Ministry of Finance, the

Director General Income Tax (Investigation) sought permission from the

Union Home Secretary for putting on surveillance the telephone lines of Ms.

Niira Radia and her associates and on the basis of the approval granted by

the latter, telephone lines of Ms. Niira Radia and her associates were put

28

under surveillance. He submitted that after completion of the recording, a

detailed investigation is being conducted under the supervision of the

Director General Income Tax (Investigation). He invited the Court’s

attention to the report, which was produced in a sealed envelope to show that

serious efforts are being made by the Department to find out whether there

has been violation of the provisions contained in the two Acts and loss has

been caused to the public exchequer. Learned counsel assured that the

Department will produce report on the basis of further investigation

conducted by it.

12.Shri T.R. Andhyarujina, learned senior counsel appearing for

respondent No.5 submitted that the report of the CAG is flawed on various

aspects and the estimation of loss is based on totally unfounded assumptions.

Learned counsel referred to various paragraphs of the CAG report and

emphasized that till the completion of investigation no conclusion should be

drawn by the Court on the culpability of respondent No.5. Learned senior

counsel repeatedly emphasized that his client should not be condemned in

the eyes of the public by unwarranted media publicity even before

completion of the investigation by the CBI and the authorities of the Income

Tax Department.

29

13.At this stage, we may mention that during the course of hearing, the

learned Solicitor General and Shri K.K. Venugopal stated that the

Government of India and the CBI would have no objection to a Court

monitored investigation by the CBI, but submitted that there is no reason for

appointment of a Special Investigation Team. The learned Solicitor General

also stated that the present incumbent in the office of CVC will recuse

himself from the supervision of the investigation being conducted by the

CBI in connection with FIR No. RC-DAI-2009-A-0045 registered on

21.10.2009 or any other FIR, which may be registered in connection with

grant of UAS licences. Shri K.K.Venugopal added that the investigation

being conducted by the CBI can be supervised by the two Vigilance

Commissioners subject to the limitation contained in proviso to Section 8(1)

of the Central Vigilance Act.

14.We have considered the respective submissions and carefully scanned the

record. We have also gone through the reports produced by Shri K.K.

Venugopal and Shri Harin P. Raval. In our opinion, the Division Bench of the

High Court committed a serious error by dismissing the writ petition at the

threshold ignoring that the issues raised by the appellants, whose bonafides

have not been doubted, are of great public importance. We are, prima facie,

30

satisfied that the allegations contained in the writ petition and the affidavits

filed before this Court, which are supported not only by the documents

produced by them, but also the report of the Central Vigilance Commission,

which was forwarded to the Director, CBI on 12.10.2009 and the findings

recorded by the CAG in the Performance Audit Report, need a thorough and

impartial investigation. However, at this stage, we do not consider it necessary

to appoint a Special Team to investigate what the appellants have described as

2G Spectrum Scam because the Government of India has, keeping in view the

law laid down in Vineet Narain’s case and orders passed in other cases, agreed

for a Court monitored investigation. The reports produced before the Court

show that the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate have started investigation

in the right direction. At the same time, keeping in view the statements made

by the learned Solicitor General and the learned senior counsel representing the

CBI and with a view to ensure that in a serious matter like this, comprehensive

and coordinated investigation is conducted by the CBI and the Enforcement

Directorate without any hindrance, we deem it proper to issue the following

directions:

(i)The CBI shall conduct thorough investigation into various issues

highlighted in the report of the Central Vigilance Commission, which

was forwarded to the Director, CBI vide letter dated 12.10.2009 and

31

the report of the CAG, who have prima facie found serious

irregularities in the grant of licences to 122 applicants, majority of

whom are said to be ineligible, the blatant violation of the terms and

conditions of licences and huge loss to the public exchequer running

into several thousand crores. The CBI should also probe how licences

were granted to large number of ineligible applicants and who was

responsible for the same and why the TRAI and the DoT did not take

action against those licensees who sold their stakes/equities for many

thousand crores and also against those who failed to fulfill rollout

obligations and comply with other conditions of licence.

(ii)The CBI shall conduct the investigation without being influenced by

any functionary, agency or instrumentality of the State and

irrespective of the position, rank or status of the person to be

investigated/probed.

(iii)The CBI shall, if it has already not registered first information report

in the context of the alleged irregularities committed in the grant of

licences from 2001 to 2006-2007, now register a case and conduct

thorough investigation with particular emphasis on the loss caused to

the public exchequer and corresponding gain to the licensees/service

providers and also on the issue of allowing use of dual/alternate

32

technology by some service providers even before the decision was

made public vide press release dated 19.10.2007.

(iv)The CBI shall also make investigation into the allegation of grant of

huge loans by the public sector and other banks to some of the

companies which have succeeded in obtaining licences in 2008 and

find out whether the officers of the DoT were signatories to the loan

agreement executed by the private companies and if so, why and with

whose permission they did so.

(v)The Directorate of Enforcement / concerned agencies of the Income

Tax Department shall continue their investigation without any

hindrance or interference by any one.

(vi)Both the agencies, i.e., the CBI and the Directorate of Enforcement

shall share information with each other and ensure that the

investigation is not hampered in any manner whatsoever.

(vii)The Director General, Income Tax (Investigation) shall, after

completion of analysis of the transcripts of the recording made

pursuant to the approval accorded by the Home Secretary,

Government of India, hand over the same to CBI to facilitate further

investigation into the FIR already registered or which may be

registered hereinafter.

33

15.The progress reports based on the investigations conducted by the CBI

and the Enforcement Directorate shall be produced before the Court in sealed

envelopes on 10.2.2011.

The case be listed for further consideration on 10.2.2011.

………………………….…J.

[G.S. Singhvi]

New Delhi; ……………………………..J.

December 16, 2010 [Asok Kumar Ganguly]

34