Criminal revision, IPC 326, IPC 324, IPC 323, Private defence, Grievous hurt, Acquittal, Punjab & Haryana High Court, Cross-case, Benefit of doubt
 31 Jul, 2026
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Gurdeep Singh and another Vs. State of Punjab

  Punjab & Haryana High Court CRR-3288-2009
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Case Background

As per case facts, a criminal revision petition was filed against conviction under IPC Sections 326, 324, and 323, upheld by the Additional Sessions Judge. The prosecution alleged that petitioners ...

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Document Text Version

CRR-3288-2009 -1-

IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA AT 

CHANDIGARH

CRR-3288-2009 (O&M)

Gurdeep Singh and another

... Petitioners

Versus

State of Punjab

... Respondent

Reserved on: 27.07.2026

Pronounced on: 31.07.2026

Uploaded on: 31.07.2026

Whether only the operative part of the judgment is pronounced ?  No

Whether full judgment is pronounced ? Yes

CORAM: HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE RAMESH CHANDER DIMRI

Argued by: Mr. Daldeep Singh, Advocate

for the petitioners.

Ms. Gurpreet Kaur Sarabha, AAG, Punjab.

*******

RAMESH CHANDER DIMRI, J.

1. This judgment shall dispose of a Criminal Revision Petition

filed against the judgment dated 10.11.2009 passed by learned Additional

Sessions Judge (Adhoc), Fast Track Court, Mansa vide which an appeal

filed   by   the   petitioners/accused   (for   brevity,   ‘petitioners’)   against   the

judgment of conviction dated 19.09.2007 and an order of sentence of that

CRR-3288-2009 -2-

very date passed by learned Judicial Magistrate 1

st

  Class, Budhlada (for

brevity,   ‘Magistrate’)   arising   out   of   an   FIR   No.81  dated   26.10.1998

registered under Sections 324, 323, 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for

brevity, ‘1860 Code’) at Police Station Budhlada, District Mansa, thereby

convicting and sentencing the petitioners for commission of offences under

Sections 326, 324, 323 read with Section 34 of 1860 Code, was dismissed.

2. Prosecution case as contained in the FIR Ex.PA/3 is that on

17.10.1998 at about 11.00 pm, a ruqa was received in Police Station

Budhlada from Primary Health Centre, Budhlada that PW2 Balla Singh son

of Sh. Teja Singh resident of Village Kulana stood admitted to the said

Centre with a history of injuries. On getting the said ruqa, PW4 ASI

Sukhdev Singh of the said police station and others reached the said

Primary Health Centre and obtained MLR of PW2 Balla Singh from the

concerned doctor. He was declared unfit on the said date and therefore, his

statement could not be recorded. On 18.10.1998, the said ASI etc. again

went to the said Centre but the doctor concerned intimated that PW2 Balla

Singh has been referred to Civil Hospital, Mansa. In turn, the said ASI etc.

reached the said hospital but PW2 Balla Singh was declared unfit for the

said purpose on that date also. Said ASI also received a ruqa about

admission of the petitioner Gurdeep Singh resident of Village Kulana in

PHC Budhlada with a history of injuries. On 19.10.1998, the said ASI etc.

again reached Civil Hospital, Mansa for recording statement of the injured.

CRR-3288-2009 -3-

He was declared fit for the said purpose. Accordingly, the said ASI recorded

statement Ex.PA of PW2 Balla Singh. A translated version of the said

statement has been filed by the petitioners on record as Annexure P-5/T.

Such version is reproduced as under: -

“Statement of Balla Singh s/o Teja Singh, Jat, resident of

Kulana, P.S. Budhlada, aged about 28 years.

I am resident of Village Kulana. Our residence is on

pucca Budhlada road in our fields. Our fields are on the East

side at higher level. On the West side, the fields of Gurbaksh

Singh, Gobind Singh sons of Mehar Singh, Jat, resident of

Kulana, are located across the road which are on lower level.

Due to heavy rain, water from our fields overflowed and

entered into the paddy fields of Gurbaksh Singh etc. across the

road. They filed a complaint against us in the police station.

On 17.10.98 in the night at about 09.00 PM, Police came and

then I and Labh Singh son of Sadhu Singh went away to the

village to call Tara Singh, my grandfather and other persons.

In the meantime, the police and other respectable persons

stopped the flow of water. Then I and Labh Singh were coming

to our house at about 10.00 PM. The electric light from Sadhu

Singh’s dhani was shining on the road. I saw that Gurbaksh

Singh armed with gun, Gurdeep Singh son of Gurbaksh Singh

CRR-3288-2009 -4-

armed with Ghop and Bhundi Singh son of Jaggar Singh

Ramdasia who is servant of Gobind Singh armed with dang

were standing on the road near the fields of Gurbaksh Singh.

When we were about to pass by them, Gurdeep Singh gave

blow with Ghop on my right elbow and Bhundi Singh gave

blow with dang on the head. I fell down, then Gurdeep Singh

gave blow with Ghop on right side of my chest. Bhundi Singh

gave injuries with dang on my body. I and Labh Singh raised

noise then Sadhu Singh came at the spot. In the meantime, they

all   three   ran   away   along   with   their   respective   weapons.

Thereafter,   my   father   after   arranging   the   vehicle   got   me

admitted at Civil Hospital, Mansa, where I am under treatment.

Due to grudge of overflow of rain water, they have caused

injuries to me. I have got recorded the statement and heard the

same, which is correct. I am complainant. Action be taken.

Attested

Sukhdev Singh ASI Balla Singh above

P.S. Budhlada LTI

19.10.98”

3. MLR of the said PW contained 07 injuries. Injuries No.1 to 5

on his person were found to be simple having been caused by a blunt

weapon whereas injuries No.6 & 7 were described as caused by sharp-

edged weapon. Injuries No.5 to 7 were kept for X-ray. On the basis of the

CRR-3288-2009 -5-

said statement and contents of the said MLR, said ASI found offences under

Sections 323, 324, 34 of 1860 Code to have been committed and decided

that further action in the matter shall be taken on receipt of X-ray report.

Since he received intimation about the petitioner Gurdeep Singh also

receiving injuries, he found statement of PW2 Balla Singh as doubtful and

decided   that   the   said   statement   shall   be   entered   in  roznamcha   for

verification by SHO concerned and further action shall be taken only after

such   verification.   He   accordingly   entered   the   said  statement   in   the

roznamcha.

4. Thereafter, on 26.10.1998, the said ASI recorded statement of

the petitioner Gurdeep Singh son of Gurbax Singh resident of Village

Kulana. Its true translation has been filed on record by the petitioners. It is

reproduced as under: -

“I  am   permanent   resident   of   Village   Kulana   and   do

agricultural work. On the road going towards the village my

field is towards South, which is low. Towards North there are

the fields of Teja Singh son of Gurdial Singh and Sadhu Singh

son of Chanan Singh which are on higher level. Due to water

entering our fields the paddy crop had got lodged. Teja Singh

released the water of his fields towards the road. We built a

bundh adjoining our fields on the road to stop the water from

flowing into our fields and we had also given information to

CRR-3288-2009 -6-

Police Station Budhlada. The police arrived at the spot and

stopped the flow of water at around 9 PM. Teja Singh was at

home, his son Balla Singh was not found. Bhundi Singh and I

sat on guard on the road near our fields. At about 10 PM Balla

Singh son of Teja Singh armed with gandasa and Labh Singh

son of Sadhu Singh armed with Kasia came near us and started

releasing water. I stepped forward to stop them. Balla Singh

directly gave gandasa blow on me which hit on the palm of left

hand, Labh Singh caused injuries to me with Kasia on my left

elbow and left gurj and Bhundi Singh rescued me. While

stopping flow of water they caused injuries to me. Thereafter in

the morning my father got me admitted at Hospital where I am

under treatment. I have got recorded the statement, I am

complainant. Action be taken. Sd/ Gurdeep Singh, Attested

Sukhdev Singh ASI P.S. Budhlada. 

5. On the basis of the said statements, the following proceedings

filed by the petitioners on record were recorded: -

“Police Proceedings: Myself ASI alongwith C-Gurdeep Singh

212, PHG Mara Singh, PHG Gurcharan Singh, on 18.10.98,

had gone to record statement of Balla Singh at CH Mansa,

when one ruqa from Medical Officer, PHC Budhlada was

received that Gurdeep Singh S/o Gurbaksh Singh Jat resident

CRR-3288-2009 -7-

of   Kulana,   was  admitted  in  injured  condition.   On  return,

opinion was sought from the doctor to record the statement of

the  injured,   who  declared  injured  was  unfit.   Today  again

alongwith PHG Mara Singh and PHG Gurcharan Singh, I

reached at PHC Budhlada and after taking the opinion that

injured was capable to record statement, the statement of

Gurdeep Singh was recorded word by word and read over, who

after acknowledging it to be correct put his signature under his

statement which was verified by me. In MLR No.175/98/KRG of

Gurdeep Singh total three injuries, injury No. 1, 2 blunt and

kept for X-ray,  injury No.3 with sharp weapon had been

mentioned and kept for consideration. From the statement of

the complainant and MLR offence under section 323/324/34 IC

is made out. This statement is concerning the earlier statement

recorded by Balla Singh son of Teja Singh resident of Kulana.

In this regard with the action taken on Balla Singh's statement

the proceeding will be carried out. Sd/ Sukhdev Singh ASI P.S.

Budhlada, Civil Hospital, Health Center Budhlada 9:30 AM.

The entry of statement was made as per rules. True Copy Sd/-

Jasveer Singh A/MHC P.S. Budhlada dated 26.10.98.  Police

Proceeding:  The   investigation   of   the   above   rapat   was

conducted by SI Joga Singh-SHO who directed myself SI that

CRR-3288-2009 -8-

facts have been found correct. By taking the X-Ray Film and X-

Ray Report of Balla Singh son of Teja Singh - Jat resident of

Kulana, inquiry be made about the nature of injuries. Today

myself   ASI   obtained   X-Ray   Film   and   Report   from   Civil

Hospital, Mansa, and the doctor. From the investigation of X-

Ray Report and MLR offences u/s 324/323/34 IPC have been

made out. With regard to the ziman of report the nature of

injury, further action will be taken as the situation arises.

Sukhdev Singh ASI P.S. Budhlada dated 26.10.98.”

6. On the basis of said statement of Balla Singh and police

proceedings, FIR Ex.PA/3 dated 26.10.1998 was registered. A cross-case in

respect of the said statement of the petitioner Gurdeep Singh was also

registered. During investigation, Section 326 of 1860 Code was added to the

FIR and on conclusion, the petitioners Gurdeep Singh and Bhundi Singh

were found to be involved in the commission of offences of the FIR in

question whereas third accused Gurbax Singh was found to be innocent by

the police. Accordingly, on conclusion of the investigation, a report under

Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for brevity, ‘1973

Code’) was filed against the petitioners before the Court concerned. Final

report in the said cross-case was also filed against PW2 Balla Singh and

PW3 Labh Singh.

7. After   receipt   of   the   said   report/s,   concerned   Magistrate

CRR-3288-2009 -9-

complied with Section 207 of the 1973 Code and thereafter, heard the State

of Punjab as well as the defence on the issue of framing of charges against

the petitioners. After such hearing, it chargsheeted them under Sections 326,

323, 324, 34 of 1860 Code. The petitioners pleaded not guilty to the charges

and claimed trial. In his evidence, PW2 Balla Singh also indicted the said

Gurbax Singh as armed with a gun participating in the occurrence of the

FIR. The prosecution then filed an application under Section 319 of 1973

Code. After hearing the State on the said application, the trial Court, vide

order dated 29.08.2001, summoned the said Gurbax Singh as an additional

accused. On appearance of the said Gurbax Singh, prosecution and the

defence were again heard on the issue of framing of charges against the

petitioners   and   another.   After   such   hearing,   they   all   three   were

chargesheeted under Sections 326, 323, 324, 34 of 1860 Code. They

pleaded not guilty to the charges and claimed trial. In its evidence, the

prosecution examined the following four witnesses: -

Sr. No. Name of the witness Nature of evidence

1. PW1 Dr. Kuldeep Rai Medico Legal Examination witness

2. PW2 Balla Singh  Complainant/injured

3. PW3 Labh Singh  Eyewitness

4. SI Sukhdev Singh  Investigating Officer

CRR-3288-2009 -10-

8. In   addition   to   examination   of   the   said   witnesses,  the

prosecution also proved the following documents in support of its case: -

Sr. No. Exhibit Nature of document

1.Ex.PA Statement of Balla Singh

2.Ex.PA/1 Police proceedings

3.Ex.PA/2 Ruqa dated 17.10.1998

4.Ex.PA/2 Police proceedings

5. Ex.PA/3 Carbon copy of FIR.

6. Ex.PA MLR of the injured

7. Ex.PA/1 Skiagram showing the injuries

8. Ex.PA/3 Opinion of the Doctor

9. Ex.PA/4 Rough site plan of place of occurrence.

10. Ex.PA/4 Opinion of the Doctor

11. Ex.PA/5 Arrest memo

12. Ex.PA/5/1 Opinion of the Doctor

13. Ex.PA/5 Opinion of the doctor

14. Ex.PA/6 Opinion of the Doctor

15. Ex.PA/6 Personal search memo

16. Ex.PA/7 Opinion of the Doctor

17. Ex.PA/7 Recovery memo of Ghop

18. Ex.PA/8 Recovery memo of Dang

19. Ex.PA/9 Personal search memo

CRR-3288-2009 -11-

20. Ex.PA/10 Receipt issued by gun house

9. On conclusion of the prosecution evidence, statements of the

petitioners under Section 313 of the 1973 Code were recorded. In such

statements, they pleaded false implication and stated that it was PW2 Balla

Singh and PW3 Labh Singh who caused injuries to the petitioner Gurdeep

Singh on the date and time in question.

10. After recording such statements, the petitioners and another

examined following two witnesses in their defence: -

Sr. No. Name of the witness Nature of evidence

1. DW1 Dr. Kuldeep Rai Medico Legal Examination witness

2. DW2 Gurvinder Singh Ex-Sarpanch of Village Kulana

11. In addition to examination of the said defence witnesses, the

petitioners also proved the following documents in support of their case: -

Sr. No. Exhibit Nature of document

1.Ex.DW1/A MLR of petitioner Gurdeep Singh

2. Ex.DW1/B Skiagram showing the injuries

12. On conclusion of the evidence, the learned Magistrate heard

the parties on merits of the case. After such hearing, it convicted the

CRR-3288-2009 -12-

petitioners under Sections 326, 324, 323 read with Section 34 of 1860 Code

but acquitted the said Gurbax Singh of the charges framed against him. The

petitioners were sentenced in the following terms: -

Gurdeep Singh

Under   Section   326   of

1860 Code

Rigorous   imprisonment   for   2½

years with fine of Rs.1000/-. In

default   of   payment   of   fine,   to

further undergo RI for one month.

Under   Section   324   of

1860 Code

Rigorous   imprisonment   for   1½

years.

Under Section 323 read

with Section 34 of 1860

Code

Rigorous   imprisonment   for   03

months.

Bhundi Singh

Under Section 326 read

with Section 34 of 1860

Code

Rigorous   imprisonment   for  1¼

years with fine of Rs.500/-.

Under Section 324 read

with Section 34 of 1860

Code

Rigorous   imprisonment   for   09

months.

Under   Section   323   of

1860 Code

Rigorous   imprisonment   for   06

months.

13. Aggrieved of such conviction and sentence, the petitioners

filed an appeal before the Court of Sessions, Mansa. The said appeal was

decided by the learned Additional Sessions Judge (adhoc), Fast Track Court,

Mansa through its judgment dated 10.11.2009. Sentence of the petitioner

No.1 Gurdeep Singh under Section 326 of 1860 Code was reduced from 2½

years to 02 years and that awarded under Section 324 of 1860 Code was

reduced from 1½ years to 06 months. Similarly, sentence of the petitioner

No.2 Bhundi  Singh  under Section 326/34 of 1860 Code was reduced from

CRR-3288-2009 -13-

1¼ years to 01 year and that awarded under Section 324/34 of the said Code

was reduced from 06 months to 03 months. With the said modification in

sentence, it dismissed the appeal.

14. Aggrieved of the said dismissal, the petitioners filed the present

revision petition. It was admitted on 18.12.2009 and sentence of the

petitioners was ordered to be suspended on 23.12.2009. They are now stated

to be on bail.

15. I have heard Mr. Daldeep Singh, Advocate, learned counsel for

the petitioners and Ms. Gurpreet Kaur Sarabha, learned AAG, Punjab, on

merits of the petition in question.

16. Learned counsel for the petitioners has argued that the case in

question   is   a   case   of   version   and   cross-version;   that   the   impugned

judgments have not dealt with the issue as to who was the aggressor in the

occurrence in question; that the same have also not dealt with the issue as to

whether any of the parties exceeded their right of private defence; that PW2

Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh were also tried in cross-case registered on

the statement of the petitioner Gurdeep Singh and were convicted and

sentenced on 19.09.2007 by the same Court; that in view thereof, present

revision petition deserves to be accepted; that irrespective of the said

arguments, there is no evidence on record to substantiate the evidence given

by PW1 Dr. Kuldeep Rai about grievous  nature  of  injury  on the person of

CRR-3288-2009 -14-

PW2 Balla Singh; that in the absence of such evidence, opinion given by

him in that regard is inconsequential; that once the said opinion is excluded

from consideration, at the maximum, an offence under Sections 324, 323,

34 of 1860 Code, even if the prosecution case would have been believed to

be true, was made out against the petitioners; and that in view thereof, the

petitioners may be granted probation. He has accordingly firstly prayed for

acceptance of the revision petition in entirety and in the alternative, for part

acceptance of the same by setting aside the conviction and sentence of the

petitioners under Section 326 of 1860 Code and then for grant of probation

to the petitioners. In support of his arguments, he has taken me to the

evidence on record some portion of which has been appended to the petition

in question through an application.

17. On the other hand, learned AAG, Punjab has argued that the

impugned judgments of conviction and order of sentence are as per law and

evidence on record; that the revisional jurisdiction is always a limited

jurisdiction and evidence cannot be re-appreciated while exercising the

same; and that if the conclusion arrived at by the Courts below is taken in

true sense thereof, there is no ground available for exercise of revisional

jurisdiction   under   Section   401   of   1973   Code   against  the   impugned

judgments  and  order.  She  has  accordingly  prayed  for  dismissal  of  the

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revision petition.

18. After such hearing and perusal, I may state that revisional

powers of this Court can be exercised in terms of Section 401 of 1973 Code.

Since the petitioners have filed a revision petition against the impugned

judgments and order, it has to be dealt within the parameters prescribed in

the said Section. Said section is therefore reproduced as under:-

“401. High Court's powers of revision.—

(1) In the case of any proceeding the record of which has been

called for by itself or which otherwise comes to its knowledge,

the High Court may, in its discretion, exercise any of the

powers conferred on a Court of Appeal by sections 386, 389,

390 and 391 or on a Court of Session by section 307, and,

when the Judges composing the Court of Revision are equally

divided in opinion, the case shall be disposed of in the manner

provided by section 392.

(2) No order under this section shall be made to the prejudice

of   the   accused   or   other   person   unless   he   has   had   an

opportunity of being heard either personally or by pleader in

his own defence.

(3) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to authorise a High

Court to convert a finding of acquittal into one of conviction.

(4) Where under this Code an appeal lies and no appeal is

CRR-3288-2009 -16-

brought, no proceeding by way of revision shall be entertained

at the instance of the party who could have appealed.

(5) Where under this Code an appeal lies but an application

for revision has been made to the High Court by any person

and the High Court is satisfied that such application was made

under the erroneous belief that no appeal lies thereto and that

it is necessary in the interests of Justice so to do, the High

Court may treat the application for revision as a petition of

appeal and deal with the same accordingly.”

19. I may also state that in respect of scope of revisional powers of

a High Court, a three Judge Bench of Hon’ble the Supreme Court, in the

report Pakalapati Narayana Gajapathi Raju & others Vs. Bonapalli Peda

Appadu & another, (1975) 4 SCC 477, observed as under:-

“3.   Section   439   (1)   of   the   Code   of   Criminal   Procedure

provides that in exercise of revisional jurisdiction, the High

Court may exercise any of the powers conferred on a court of

appeal. This provision is made expressly subject to sub-section

(4) of Section 439 under which nothing contained in the

section shall be deemed to authorise a High Court to convert a

finding of acquittal into one of conviction. Section 439 has

been interpreted in several decisions of this Court which have

taken the view that the revisional jurisdiction, when invoked by

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a private complainant against an order of acquittal, ought not

to be exercised lightly and that it can be exercised only in

exceptional cases where the interests of public justice require

interference for the correction of a manifest illegality or the

prevention of a gross miscarriage of justice.(See  Satyendra

Nath Dutta v. Ram Narain, (1975) 3 SCC 398; Akalu Ahir v.

Ramdeo Ram, (1974) 1 SCR 130;  Changanti Kotaiah v.

Goginoni Venkateshwara Rao, (1973) 3 SCR 867. It is clear

from these decisions that the revisional jurisdiction cannot be

invoked merely because the lower court has not appreciated

the evidence properly. The High Court has in its judgment

referred to the decisions of this Court but in applying those

decisions   it   has   transgressed   the   limits   of   its   revisional

powers.”

20. In respect of scope of revisional powers of a High Court, a

three Judge Bench of Hon’ble the Supreme Court, in the report Duli Chand

Vs. Delhi Administration, (1975) 4 SCC 649, observed as under:-

“4. …... Now, the jurisdiction of the High Court in a Criminal

Revision   Application   is   severally   restricted   and   it  cannot

embark upon reappreciation of the evidence, but even so, the

learned single Judge of the High Court who heard the revision

application, examined the evidence afresh at the instance of

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the appellant. This was, however, of no avail, as the learned

single Judge found that the conclusion reached by the lower

Courts that the appellant was guilty of gross negligence, was

correct   and   there   was   no   reason   to   interfere   with   the

conviction of the appellant. ….. 

5. …..The High Court in revision was exercising supervisory

jurisdiction of a restricted nature and, therefore, it would have

been justified in refusing to re-appreciate the evidence for the

purpose of determining whether the concurrent finding of fact

reached by the learned Magistrate and the learned Additional

Sessions Judge was correct. But even so, the High Court

reviewed the evidence presumably for the purpose of satisfying

itself that there was evidence in support of the finding of fact

reached by the two subordinate courts and that the finding of

fact was not unreasonable or perverse. The High Court came

to the conclusion that the evidence clearly established that the

death of the deceased was caused on account of the negligent

driving of the bus by the appellant. …..”. 

21.   In respect of such powers, a two Judge Bench of Hon’ble the

Supreme Court, in the report Janata Dal Vs. H.S. Chowdhary, (1992) 4

SCC 305, observed as under:-

“130. The object of the revisional jurisdiction under Section

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401 is to confer power upon superior criminal Courts - a kind

of paternal or supervisory jurisdiction - in order to correct

miscarriage   of   justice   arising   from   misconception   of  law,

irregularity  of  procedure,  neglect  of  proper  precaution or

apparent harshness of treatment which has resulted on the one

hand, or on the other hand in some undeserved hardship to

individuals.   The   controlling   power   of   the   High   Court   is

discretionary and it must be exercised in the interest of justice

with regard to all facts and circumstances of each particular

case, anxious attention being given to  the said facts and

circumstances which vary greatly from case to case. 

131. xxxx xxxx xxxx 

132. The criminal Courts are clothed with inherent power to

make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice.

Such power though unrestricted and undefined should not be

capriciously or arbitrarily exercised, but should be exercised

in   appropriate   cases,   ex   debito   justitiae   to   do   real   and

substantial justice for the administration of which alone the

Courts exist. The powers possessed by the High Court under

Section 482 of the Code are very wide and the very plenitude of

the power requires great caution in its exercise. Courts must be

careful to see that its decision in exercise of this power is based

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on sound principles.” 

22. While   quoting   observations   made   in  Janata   Dal’s   report

(supra) with approval, a three Judge Bench of Hon’ble the Supreme Court,

in the report T.N. Dhakkal Vs. James Basnett & another, (2001) 10 SCC

419,  observed as under:-

“9. We are in agreement with the above exposition of law. We

are of the opinion that though the High Court has revisional

jurisdiction under Section 401 of the Code and can exercise its

discretionary jurisdiction to correct miscarriage of justice, but

whether or not, there is justification for the exercise of that

discretionary jurisdiction would depend upon the facts and

circumstances of each case.  The controlling power of the High

Court under Section 401 of the Code being discretionary is

required to be exercised only in the interest of justice, having

regard to all the facts and circumstances of each particular

case and not mechanically.”

23. In respect of revisional jurisdiction of a High Court, a two

Judge Bench of Hon’ble the Supreme Court, in the report State of Kerala

Vs.   Puttumana   Illath   Jathavedan   Namboodiri,   (1999)  2   SCC   452,

observed as under:-

“Having examined the impugned Judgment of the High Court

and bearing in mind the contentions raised by the learned

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counsel for the parties, we have no hesitation to come to the

conclusion that in the case in hand, the High Court has

exceeded   its   revisional   jurisdiction.   In   Its   revisional

jurisdiction, the High Court can call for and examine the

record of any proceedings for the purpose of satisfying itself as

to   the   correctness,   legality   or   propriety   of   any   finding,

sentence or order. In other words, the jurisdiction is one of

Supervisory   Jurisdiction   exercised   by   the   High   Court   for

correcting miscarriage of justice. But the said revisional power

cannot be equated with the power of an Appellate Court nor

can it be treated even as a second Appellate Jurisdiction.

Ordinarily, therefore, it would not be appropriate for the High

Court to re-appreciate the evidence and come to its own

conclusion on the same when the evidence has already been

appreciated by the Magistrate as well as the Sessions Judge in

appeal, unless any glaring feature is brought to the notice of

the High Court which would otherwise tentamount to gross

miscarriage of justice.”

24. Observations made in Duli Chand’s report (supra) and those

made in a report State of Orissa Vs. Nakula Sahu, (1979) 1 SCC 328 as

well as Puttumana Illath’s report (supra) were approved by a three Judge

Bench of Hon’ble the Supreme Court in the report Raj Kumar Vs. State of

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Himachal Pradesh, (2008) 11 SCC 76.

25. I may also state that in the present case, PW2 Balla Singh and

PW3 Labh Singh have put forth a case in which the petitioners allegedly

caused injuries to them on 17.10.1998 around 10.00 pm. They in fact say

that when they were returning from their village to their houses, the

petitioners were sitting in their field and when they were about to pass

through the petitioners, the petitioners inflicted injuries to them in the

abovestated manner. As against their such stand, the petitioners say that on

the abovestated date and time, when they were guarding the blockade put

forth by them and the police to stop rainy water from entering their fields

from the fields of PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh, the said two

prosecution witnesses caused injuries to them in the manner set forth in the

cross-case put forth by them. Deposition of PW4 ASI Sukhdev Singh has

proved rough site plan Ex.PA/4 prepared by him on 09.12.1998. PW2 Balla

Singh and PW3 Labh Singh have set forth the place of occurrence in

question as Point ‘C’ mentioned in the said site plan. The said point in fact

exists on a metalled road between Village Kulana and Budhlada. As per the

said site plan, the petitioners were stated by PW2 Balla Singh to be present

at Points ‘A’ & ‘B’ shown in the same and they caused injuries to the said

PW at Point ‘C’. PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh do not say that the

petitioners trespassed into their side of the road to cause injuries to PW2

Balla Singh. As against the said stand of the said prosecution witnesses, the

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petitioners say that they were guarding a blockade put forth by them and the

police to stop rainy water from entering their fields towards western side of

the road and at that time, on the abovestated date, PW2 Balla Singh and

PW3 Labh Singh came to the place of such guard and inflicted injuries to

the petitioner Gurdeep Singh. In an occurrence involving version and cross-

version, it has to be seen as to who was the aggressor. If one party is

established as aggressor, it has also to be seen as to whether the opposite

party involved in the occurrence exceeded its right of private defence. So

far as right of private defence is concerned, in terms of Section 96 of 1860

Code, anything done in the exercise of such right is not an offence. Section

97 of the said Code talks of private defence of the body and of property,

whereas Section 99 thereof prescribes the situations wherein no right of

private defence is available. Section 101 of the said Code prescribes the

circumstances under which the right of private defence extends to causing

any harm other than death to a person whereas Section 102 of 1860 Code

talks of commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of

the body. Section 104 of the said Code defines the situations when a right of

private defence of property extends to causing any harm other than death to

a person. Section 105 of the said Code talks of commencement and

continuance of the right of private defence of property. The said Sections,

since the same are material for deciding the petition in question, are

reproduced as under: -

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“96. Things done in private defence.— Nothing is an offence

which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence.

97. Right of private defence of the body and of property.—

Every person has a right, subject to the restrictions contained

in section 99, to defend—

First   —  His own body, and the body of any other person,

against any offence affecting the human body;

Secondly. — The property, whether movable or immovable, of

himself or of any other person, against any act which is an

offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery, mischief or

criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit theft,

robbery, mischief or criminal trespass.

99. Acts against which there is no right of private defence. -

There is no right of private defence against an act which does

not reasonably cause the apprehension of death or of grievous

hurt, if done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant

acting in good faith under colour of his office, though that act,

may not be strictly justifiable by law. There is no right of

private defence against an act which does not reasonably cause

the apprehension of death or of grievous hurt, if done, or

attempted to be done, by the direction of a public servant

acting in good faith under colour of his office, though that

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direction may not be strictly justifiable by law. 

There is no right of private defence in cases in which there is

time to have recourse to the protection of the public authorities.

Extent to which the right may be exercised.— The right of

private defence in no case extends to the inflicting of more

harm than it is necessary to inflict for the purpose of defence.

Explanation 1.— A person is not deprived of the right of

private defence against an act done, or attempted to be done,

by a public servant, as such, unless he knows or has reason to

believe, that the person doing the act is such public servant.

Explanation 2.— A person is not deprived of the right of

private defence against an act done, or attempted to be done,

by the direction of a public servant, unless he knows, or has

reason to believe, that the person doing the act is acting by

such direction, or unless such person states the authority under

which he acts, or if he has authority in writing, unless he

produces such authority, if demanded.

101. When such right extends to causing any harm other than

death.—  If the offence be not  of  any of the descriptions

enumerated in the last preceding section, the right of private

defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of

death to the assailant, but does extend, under the restrictions

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mentioned  in   section   99,   to   the   voluntary   causing  to  the

assailant of any harm other than death.

102. Commencement and continuance of the right of private

defence of the body.— The right of private defence of the body

commences as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to

the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the offence

though  the  offence may not  have  been committed;  and  it

continues as long as such apprehension of danger to the body

continues.

104. When such right extends to causing any harm other than

death.—  If   the   offence,   the   committing   of   which,   or   the

attempting to commit which, occasions the exercise of the right

of private defence, be theft, mischief, or criminal trespass, not

of any of the descriptions enumerated in the last preceding

section, that right does not extend to the voluntary causing of

death, but does extend, subject to the restrictions mentioned in

section 99, to the voluntary causing to the wrong-doer of any

harm other than death.

105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private

defence of property.— The right of private defence of property

commences when a reasonable apprehension of danger to the

property commences. 

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The right of private defence of property against theft continues

till the offender has effected his retreat with the property or

either the assistance of the public authorities is obtained, or

the property has been recovered. 

The   right   of   private   defence   of   property   against   robbery

continues as long as the offender causes or attempts to cause to

any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint or as long as the

fear of instant death or of instant hurt or of instant personal

restraint continues. 

The   right  of  private   defence  of  property  against  criminal

trespass or mischief continues as long as the offender continues

in the commission of criminal trespass or mischief. 

The right of private defence of property against house-breaking

by night continues as long as the house-trespass which has

been begun by such house-breaking continues.”

26. A perusal of the said provisions shows that every person has a

right subject to the restrictions contained in Section 99 of the said Code to

defend his moveable or immoveable property or that of any other person

against any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft,

robbery, mischief or criminal trespass or which is an attempt to commit the

said offence. A right of private defence was dealt with by the Hon’ble

Supreme Court in the report  Darshan Singh Vs. State of Punjab and

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another, (2010) 2 Supreme Court Cases 333. While referring to its earlier

decisions on the availability of such right, it delineated the following

principles about such right: -

“(i) Self-preservation is the basic human instinct and is duly

recognized   by   the   criminal   jurisprudence   of   all   civilized

countries.   All   free,   democratic   and   civilized   countries

recognize the right of private defence within certain reasonable

limits.

(ii)    The right of private defence is available only to one who

is   suddenly   confronted   with   the   necessity   of   averting   an

impending danger and not of self-creation.

(iii) A mere reasonable apprehension is enough to put the right

of   self   defence   into   operation.   In   other   words,   it  is   not

necessary that there should be an actual commission of the

offence in order to give rise to the right of private defence. It is

enough if the accused apprehended that such an offence is

contemplated and it is likely to be committed if the right of

private defence is not exercised.

(iv) The right of private defence commences as soon as a

reasonable apprehension arises and it is coterminus with the

duration of such apprehension.

(v)   It   is   unrealistic   to   expect   a   person   under   assault   to

CRR-3288-2009 -29-

modulate   his   defence   step   by   step   with   any   arithmetical

exactitude.

(vi) In private defence the force used by the accused ought not

to be wholly disproportionate or much greater than necessary

for protection of the person or property.

(vii) It is well settled that even if the accused does not plead

self-defence, it is open to consider such a plea if the same

arises from the material on record.

(viii) The accused need not prove the existence of the right of

private defence beyond reasonable doubt.

(ix) The Penal Code  confers the right of private defence only

when that unlawful or wrongful act is an offence.

(x) A person who is in imminent and reasonable danger of

losing his life or limb may in exercise of self-defence inflict any

harm even extending to death on his assailant either when the

assault is attempted or directly threatened.”

27. Applying the said provisions and principles to the present case,

I may state that true it is that PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh say

that they were attacked by the petitioners when they were crossing the

petitioners on the road. At the same time, a perusal of the site plan Ex.PA/4

shows that the occurrence in question, in fact, took place on left side of the

road when one proceeds from Village Kulana towards Budhlada on the said

CRR-3288-2009 -30-

road whereas houses of PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh were

situated on right side of the road. In terms of statement Ex.PA of PW2 Balla

Singh itself, family of the petitioners had complained against the family of

the said two prosecution witnesses against releasing rainy water in their

fields because of which on 17.10.1998 itself at about 09.00 pm, police had

come to the spot and had blocked the release of the said water in the fields

of the petitioners. May be that the said two prosecution witnesses have

deposed that when they were returning to their houses from their village, the

petitioners caused injuries to them in the abovestated manner. At the same

time, when the release of water to the fields of the petitioners had already

been got stopped by the police on the abovestated date at about 09.00 pm,

what was the reason for the petitioners to cause injuries to the said two

prosecution witnesses at 10.00 pm when they were returning to their houses,

has not at all been brought on record. In fact no reason for the occurrence in

question having been taken place at 10.00 pm on the abovestated date has

been rendered by the said two prosecution witnesses. As against their stand,

deposition of DW2 Gurvinder Singh, Ex-Sarpanch of Village Kulana,

establishes that on the abovestated date, the petitioners were guarding their

fields and specifically release of rainy water from the fields of the said

prosecution witnesses to their fields and in that process, when the said two

prosecution witnesses tried to open the blockade got installed by the police

at 09.00 pm but were tried to be stopped by the petitioners, the said two

CRR-3288-2009 -31-

prosecution witnesses caused injuries to the petitioners, appears to be nearer

to the contents of the said site plan. In fact, if the said site plan is seen

minutely, it shows that fields of the petitioners start from Point ‘A’ & ‘B’

wherein the petitioners were stated to be present at the time of occurrence in

question. In view thereof, there does not appear to be any occasion for the

petitioners to come to Point ‘C’ on the road to cause injuries to PW2 Balla

Singh without a cause and without the said prosecution witness saying

anything to them. Rather, it appears that the story put forth by the defence

that the said two prosecution witnesses attempted to open the said blockade

and when were tried to be stopped, they caused injuries to the petitioners,

appears to be genesis of the occurrence. Not doubt, the petitioners have not

come forward with a plea that in the said occurrence, they also caused

injuries to PW2 Balla Singh. At the same time, it was for PW2 Balla Singh

to narrate version and cross-version of the same occurrence before the

police and Court. However, he did not come forward with the same.

Keeping in view the contents of the said site plan and evidence on record, it

appears that PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh were the aggressors to

the fields of the petitioners and when they tried to open the blockade put

forth by the petitioners and the police for stopping rainy water from

entering their fields but were tried to be stopped, the occurrence in question

took place in which both the parties received injuries. In fact, on 19.09.2007

itself, PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh were convicted for causing

CRR-3288-2009 -32-

injuries  to  the   petitioner  Gurdeep  Singh  on  the  same  date  and  were

sentenced under Sections 324, 323 read with Section 34 of the 1860 Code.

Nothing has been brought forward to show that the said judgment of

conviction and order of sentence have not attained finality. Although the

said judgment does not determine PW2 Balla Singh and PW3 Labh Singh

as aggressors in the occurrence in question or as the persons who exceeded

their right of private defence of person or property, yet, once they have been

convicted for the said offences in respect of the occurrence taking place on

the same date and time, it comes out that they have in fact been indicted for

causing injuries to the petitioner Gurdeep Singh in the occurrence in

question.

28. At the same time, the impugned judgments do not at all discuss

as to who was the aggressor in the present case and if PW2 Balla Singh and

PW3 Labh Singh were the aggressors which fact can be concluded from the

site plan Ex.PA/4, as to whether the petitioners exceeded their right of

private defence of person or property. Without determining the petitioners

and the said two prosecution witnesses either as aggressors or having

exceeded their right of private defence, the petitioners could not have been

convicted in the present case. The impugned judgments of conviction, since

the same have not dealt with the said issues, turn out to be materially

perverse and against the settled legal principles.

29. There   is   one   more   angle   of   the   matter.   No   doubt  the

CRR-3288-2009 -33-

prosecution has examined PW1 Dr. Kuldeep Rai in support of its contention

that injury No.6 caused to PW2 Balla Singh was grievous in nature. At the

same time, a perusal of his deposition shows that he had rendered the

opinion mentioned in the document Ex.PA/3 on the basis of X-ray report

prepared by Dr. S.P. Bansal and also surgical notes of bed head ticket of

PW2 Balla Singh prepared by him. At the same time, the said X-ray report

and surgical notes were not at all proved in accordance with law. Dr. S.P.

Bansal has also not been examined in support of the said report and notes.

In the absence of his examination and proof of the said documents in

accordance with law, opinion rendered by PW1 Dr. Kuldeep Rai that injury

No.6 on the person of PW2 Balla Singh was grievous in nature cannot be

legally sustained and confirmed. Therefore, even if the petitioners would

have been determined either as aggressors or having exceeded their right of

private defence, for the absence of such proof, I would have set aside

conviction and sentence of the petitioners under Section 326 of the 1860

Code and would have granted benefit of probation to the petitioners in the

present case under Sections 324 and 323 of the 1860 Code.

30. The   abovestated   reasoning   and   discussion   show   that   the

impugned judgments of conviction have ignored the settled legal principles.

The same are unreasonable and contain glaring features which have caused

gross miscarriage of justice. Such judgments have neglected to exercise

proper precaution and have caused undeserved hardship to the petitioners.

CRR-3288-2009 -34-

Revisional powers should be exercised to do real and substantial justice.

The above-stated facts and observations make the present case a fit case for

exercise of revisional jurisdiction against the impugned judgments and

order.

31. For what has been stated above, I am of the considered opinion

that the impugned judgments and order cannot legally be sustained. The

same, with all consequential proceedings, are accordingly set aside. In turn,

the petitioners are acquitted of the charges framed against them in the case

in question by extending benefit of doubt to them. Their bail and surety

bonds stand discharged.

32. Present revision petition is allowed in the abovestated terms.

Interim application/s, if any, stand/s disposed off.

                  [ RAMESH CHANDER DIMRI ]

31.07.2026          JUDGE

vishnu

Whether speaking/reasoned : Yes/No

Whether reportable :  Yes/No

Reference cases

Description

High Court Overturns Conviction in CRR-3288-2009: A Landmark Ruling on Private Defence and Evidence

The Punjab and Haryana High Court recently delivered a significant judgment in **Criminal Revision Petition** CRR-3288-2009, overturning convictions related to an assault case involving competing versions of events. This ruling, now prominently featured on CaseOn, provides crucial insights into the application of the **Right of Private Defence** and the stringent requirements for proving grievous hurt. It underscores the judiciary's role in correcting material perversity and ensuring justice in complex criminal matters.

Case Background: A Dispute Over Water and Injuries

The case stemmed from an FIR (No. 81 dated 26.10.1998) registered under Sections 324, 323, 34, and later 326 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), following an altercation between two parties over rainwater drainage into agricultural fields. The petitioners, Gurdeep Singh and Bhundi Singh, were accused of causing injuries to Balla Singh and Labh Singh.

The prosecution's narrative, based on Balla Singh's statement, alleged that the petitioners attacked them with a 'Ghop' (a sharp weapon) and 'Dang' (blunt weapon) as they were returning home. However, the petitioners presented a cross-version, claiming that the complainants were the aggressors, attempting to dismantle a blockade preventing water from flooding their fields, and that the petitioners sustained injuries in the process. A cross-case was also registered, leading to the conviction of Balla Singh and Labh Singh.

Both the Judicial Magistrate 1st Class and the Additional Sessions Judge (Adhoc) convicted the petitioners under Sections 326, 324, and 323 read with Section 34 IPC, though the appellate court reduced the sentences.

The IRAC Method Applied

Issue: Unaddressed Aggression and Private Defence

The core issue before the High Court was whether the lower courts had correctly assessed the evidence, particularly in the context of a 'version and cross-version' scenario. Crucially, the lower courts failed to determine:

  1. Who was the aggressor in the altercation?
  2. Whether either party exceeded their right to private defence.
  3. If the injury categorized as 'grievous' was proven in accordance with the law.

Rule: Revisional Powers, Private Defence, and Evidentiary Standards

The High Court's decision was guided by several key legal principles:

  • Section 401 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC): Supervisory Jurisdiction

    The Court reiterated its revisional powers under Section 401 CrPC, emphasizing that this jurisdiction is supervisory, not appellate, and is exercised to correct 'miscarriage of justice arising from misconception of law, irregularity of procedure, neglect of proper precaution or apparent harshness of treatment.' It allows intervention in exceptional cases where 'public justice requires interference for the correction of a manifest illegality or the prevention of a gross miscarriage of justice.' The Court referenced Supreme Court judgments in *Pakalapati Narayana Gajapathi Raju & others Vs. Bonapalli Peda Appadu & another* (1975), *Duli Chand Vs. Delhi Administration* (1975), *Janata Dal Vs. H.S. Chowdhary* (1992), and *T.N. Dhakkal Vs. James Basnett & another* (2001) to define the limits and scope of revisional jurisdiction, particularly that it cannot re-appreciate evidence unless findings are unreasonable or perverse.

  • Sections 96-105 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC): The Right of Private Defence

    The judgment meticulously outlined the provisions related to private defence:

    • Section 96: Nothing done in private defence is an offence.
    • Section 97: Grants the right to defend one's own body and property, or that of others, against offences.
    • Section 99: Specifies acts against which there is no right of private defence (e.g., acts by public servants acting in good faith, or when there is time to seek public authority protection). It also limits the extent of harm inflicted to what is necessary for defence.
    • Sections 101, 102, 104, 105: Detail when this right extends to causing harm other than death, its commencement, and continuance for both body and property.

    The Court also cited *Darshan Singh Vs. State of Punjab and another* (2010), which laid down foundational principles for private defence, including the necessity of averting impending danger, reasonable apprehension, and proportionality of force.

  • Evidentiary Standards for Grievous Hurt:

    For a charge under Section 326 IPC (voluntarily causing grievous hurt) to stand, the grievous nature of the injury must be legally proven. This typically requires not just the medical opinion but also the examination of the doctor who prepared crucial reports (like X-ray reports) or surgical notes, and the proper proving of these documents in court.

Legal professionals often face challenges in distilling such extensive legal principles and factual nuances. For instance, analyzing the interplay between revisional jurisdiction and the right of private defence, as seen in this case, can be time-consuming. CaseOn.in's 2-minute audio briefs provide a critical advantage here, offering concise, expertly curated summaries of complex rulings like CRR-3288-2009, enabling legal professionals to quickly grasp the core legal arguments and their implications for specific rulings without sifting through pages of text.

Analysis: Flaws in Lower Court Findings

The High Court found several material perversities in the judgments of the lower courts:

  1. Failure to Determine Aggressor Status:

    The lower courts did not adequately address the 'version and cross-version' aspect. By failing to determine who initiated the aggression, they overlooked a fundamental aspect of the case. The site plan (Ex.PA/4) suggested that the petitioners were guarding their fields, implying the complainants might have been the aggressors attempting to breach the police-installed blockade. The fact that the complainants were also convicted in a cross-case for causing injuries to Gurdeep Singh further complicated the narrative, indicating they were also involved in the altercation, yet the lower courts did not reconcile this.

  2. Neglect of Private Defence:

    Flowing from the failure to identify the aggressor, the lower courts also did not consider whether the petitioners acted within their right of private defence, or if the complainants exceeded their own. This omission rendered the convictions legally unsustainable, as the right of private defence is a complete defence if applicable.

  3. Insufficient Proof of Grievous Hurt:

    The prosecution's evidence for grievous hurt (Injury No. 6 on Balla Singh) relied on PW1 Dr. Kuldeep Rai's opinion, which was based on an X-ray report by Dr. S.P. Bansal and surgical notes. However, Dr. S.P. Bansal was not examined, and the X-ray report and surgical notes were not proven in accordance with the law. Without proper legal proof of these documents, Dr. Kuldeep Rai's opinion on the grievous nature of the injury could not be sustained. This vitiated the conviction under Section 326 IPC.

  4. Unreasonableness and Hardship:

    The High Court concluded that the impugned judgments ignored settled legal principles, were unreasonable, contained glaring features causing a gross miscarriage of justice, and resulted in undeserved hardship for the petitioners.

Conclusion: Setting Aside the Convictions

Based on these findings, the High Court held that the impugned judgments and orders could not be legally sustained. It set aside the convictions and consequential proceedings, acquitting the petitioners, Gurdeep Singh and Bhundi Singh, by extending them the benefit of doubt. Their bail and surety bonds were discharged, and the revision petition was allowed.

Why This Judgment is an Important Read for Lawyers and Students

This judgment serves as a critical precedent and learning tool for several reasons:

  • Cross-Version Cases: It meticulously outlines the judicial responsibility in cases involving competing narratives, emphasizing the need to determine the aggressor and assess the right of private defence.
  • Evidentiary Standards: It reinforces the strict legal requirements for proving injuries, particularly grievous hurt, highlighting the necessity of properly proving medical reports and examining key witnesses.
  • Scope of Revisional Jurisdiction: For students and practitioners, it offers a clear exposition of the High Court's revisional powers under Section 401 CrPC, differentiating it from appellate jurisdiction and delineating the circumstances under which it can be invoked to prevent a miscarriage of justice.
  • Right of Private Defence: The judgment provides a comprehensive review of Sections 96-105 IPC, offering practical application of this fundamental right in a real-world scenario.

By dissecting the procedural and substantive flaws in the lower court judgments, the High Court reaffirmed its role as a custodian of justice, ensuring that convictions are based on sound legal principles and duly proven evidence.

Disclaimer: All information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Readers are encouraged to consult with a qualified legal professional for advice pertaining to their specific circumstances.

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