IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5650 OF 2018

(Arising out of S.L.P.(C) No. 6091 of 2010)

M/S. HARYANA SURAJ MALTING LTD. ... APPELLANT (S)

VERSUS

PHOOL CHAND ... RESPONDENT (S)

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5649 OF 2018

(Arising out of S.L.P.(C) No. 6092 of 2010)

AND

CIVIL APPEAL NO.5893 OF 2012

J U D G M E N T

KURIAN, J.:

Leave granted.

2.The question arising for consideration in this case is

whether the Industrial Tribunal/Labour Court is functus

officio after the award has become enforceable, and is

thus, prevented from considering an application for setting

aside an ex parte award.

3.In view of the conflict between two decisions of this Court -

Sangham Tape Co. v. Hans Raj

1

and Radhakrishna

1

(2005) 9 SCC 331

1

REPORTABLE

Mani Tripathi v. L.H Patel and another

2

, by order dated

21.01.2011 in Haryana Suraj Malting Limited v. Phool

Chand

3

, a reference to a larger bench was made in the

following terms:

“1. Whether the Industrial Tribunal/Labour Court

becomes functus officio after 30 days of the

pronouncement/publication of the award and loses

all powers to recall an ex parte award on an

application made by the aggrieved party after 30

days from the date of pronouncement/publication of

the award is the question that once again arises for

consideration in these cases.

2. It may be noted that on this question two

Division Bench decisions have taken apparently

conflicting views. In Sangham Tape Co. v. Hans Raj

a two-Judge Bench held and observed that an

application for recall of an ex parte award may be

entertained by the Industrial Tribunal/Labour Court

only in case it is filed before the expiry of 30 days

from the date of pronouncement/publication of the

award. A contrary view was taken in Radhakrishna

Mani Tripathi v. L.H. Patel to which one of us (Aftab

Alam, J.) was a party.

3. In both cases, that is to say, Sangham Tape

Co. and Radhakrishna Mani Tripathi, the Court

referred to and relied upon the earlier decisions in

Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. Central Govt. Industrial

Tribunal and Anil Sood v. Labour Court but read and

interpreted those two decisions completely

differently.

4. The conflict which has arisen as a result of

the two decisions can only be resolved by a larger

2

(2009) 2 SCC 81

3

(2012) 8 SCC 579

2

Bench. Let these cases be, therefore, listed before

a three-Judge Bench.”

4.Heard learned counsel appearing for the parties and Mr.

Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel assisting the

Court as Amicus Curiae.

5.The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred to

as “the Act”) was enacted “… to make provision for the

investigation and settlement of industrial disputes, and for

certain other purposes”. Chapter IV provides for the

“procedure, powers and duties of authorities ”. Under

Section 11(1) of Chapter IV, it is provided that the Labour

Court or Tribunal can follow such procedure as it thinks fit.

“11(1) Subject to any rules that may be

made in this behalf, an arbitrator, a Board, Court,

Labour Court, Tribunal or National Tribunal shall

follow such procedure as the arbitrator or other

authority concerned may think fit.”

6.Under Section 17(1), an award shall be published by the

appropriate Government within 30 days of its receipt.

Under Section 17(2), the award becomes final subject to

Section 17A. Under Section 17A, an award becomes

enforceable on the expiry of 30 days from the date of its

publication under Section 17.

3

7.Section 20 deals with the commencement and conclusion

of proceedings. Under Section 20(3), proceedings before

the Court/Tribunal shall be deemed to have been

concluded on the date on which the award becomes

enforceable under Section 17A.

“20. Commencement and conclusion of

proceedings.-(1) A conciliation proceeding shall

be deemed to have commenced on the date on

which a notice of strike or lock- out under section

22 is received by the conciliation officer or on the

date of the order referring the dispute to a Board,

as the case may be.

(2) A conciliation proceeding shall be deemed

to have concluded-

(a)where a settlement is arrived at, when a

memorandum of the settlement is

signed by the parties to the dispute;

(b)where no settlement is arrived at, when

the report of the conciliation officer is

received by the appropriate Government

or when the report of the Board is

published under section 17, as the case

may be; or

(c)when a reference is made to a Court,

Labour Court, Tribunal or National

Tribunal] under section 10 during the

pendency of conciliation proceedings.

(3)Proceedings before an arbitrator under

section 10A or before a Labour Court, Tribunal or

National Tribunal shall be deemed to have

commenced on the date of the

reference of the

dispute for arbitration or adjudication, as the case

4

may be and such proceedings shall be deemed to

have concluded

on the date on which the award

becomes enforceable under section 17A.”

8.Section 38 provides for power to frame rules for the

purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the Act

including the powers and procedure of the

Courts/Tribunals.

9. Rule 10B(9), as introduced in 1984 of the Industrial

Disputes (Central) Rules, 1957 (hereinafter referred to as

the “Central Rules”), reads as follows:

“10B(9). In case any party defaults or fails to

appear at any stage the Labour Court,

Tribunal or National Tribunal, as the case may

be, may proceed with the reference ex parte

and decide the reference application in the

absence of the defaulting party:

Provided that the Labour Court,

Tribunal or National Tribunal, as the case may

be, may on the application of either party

filed before the submission of the award

revoke the order that the case shall proceed

ex parte, if it is satisfied that the absence of

the party was on justifiable grounds.”

10. Rule 22 of the Central Rules also provides that the

Court/Tribunal can proceed ex parte in case any party fails

to attend the Court/Tribunal without sufficient cause being

shown. The Rule reads as follows:

5

“22. Board, Court, Labour Court, Tribunal, National

Tribunal or Arbitrator may proceed ex parte.-If

without sufficient cause being shown, any party to

proceeding before a Board, Court, Labour Court,

Tribunal, National Tribunal or Arbitrator fails to attend

or to be represented, the Board, Court, Labour Court,

Tribunal, National Tribunal or Arbitrator may proceed,

as if the party had duly attended or had been

represented.”

11.Rule 24 provides that the Boards, Courts, Labour Courts,

Tribunals and National Tribunals shall have the same

powers as are vested in a Civil Court in respect of the

matters specified within the Rule. The Rule reads as

follows:

“24. Power of Boards, Courts, Labour

Courts, Tribunals and National Tribunals .-

In addition to the powers conferred by the Act,

Boards, Courts, Labour Courts, Tribunals and

National Tribunals shall have the same powers

as are vested in a Civil Court under the Code of

Civil Procedure, 1908, when trying a suit, in

respect of the following matters, namely:-

(a)discovery and inspection;

(b) granting adjournment;

(b) reception of evidence taken on affidavit,

and the Board, Court, Labour Court, Tribunals

or National Tribunal may summon and examine

any person whose evidence appears to it to be

material and shall be deemed to a civil court

within the meaning of sections 480 and 482 of

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.”

6

12.Thus, under the statutory scheme, the Labour

Court/Tribunal is empowered to follow its own procedure as

it thinks fit, meaning thereby, a procedure which is fit and

proper for the settlement of the industrial dispute and for

maintaining industrial peace. If a party fails to attend the

Court/Tribunal without showing sufficient cause, the

Court/Tribunal can proceed ex parte and pass an ex parte

award. The award, ex parte or otherwise, has to be sent to

the appropriate Government as soon as it is made and the

appropriate Government has to publish it within 30 days of

its receipt. The award thus published becomes enforceable

after a period of 30 days of its publication.

13.In case of an ex parte award, whether the Court/Tribunal

can set aside the same after 30 days of its publication, is

the question to be considered.

14.That an ex parte award can be set aside in case the

Court/Tribunal is approached within 30 days of its

publication under Section 17 of the Act, is no more res

integra. In Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. Central Government

Industrial Tribunal and others

4

, it has been held at

4

1980 (Supp) SCC 420

7

paragraph-14 that:

“14. The contention that the Tribunal had

become functus officio and, therefore, had no

jurisdiction to set aside the ex parte award and

that the Central Government alone could set it

aside, does not commend to us. Sub-section (3)

of Section 20 of the Act provides that the

proceedings before the Tribunal would be

deemed to continue till the date on which the

award becomes enforceable under Section 17-A.

Under Section 17-A of the Act, an award

becomes enforceable on the expiry of 30 days

from the date of its publication under Section

17. The proceedings with regard to a reference

under Section 10 of the Act are, therefore, not

deemed to be concluded until the expiry of 30

days from the publication of the award. Till then

the Tribunal retains jurisdiction over the dispute

referred to it for adjudication and up to that

date it has the power to entertain an application

in connection with such dispute. That stage is

not reached till the award becomes enforceable

under Section 17-A…….”

At paragraph-6 in Grindlays (supra), it was held that the Tribunal

can exercise such powers, if it thinks fit, in the interest of justice. It

has also been held that the Tribunal is endowed with such incidental

or ancillary powers as are necessary to discharge its functions

effectively for the purpose of doing justice between the parties,

unless there is any express indication in the statute to the contrary.

To quote:

“6. We are of the opinion that the Tribunal

8

had the power to pass the impugned order if it

thought fit in the interest of justice. It is true

that there is no express provision in the Act or

the rules framed thereunder giving the Tribunal

jurisdiction to do so. But it is a well known rule

of statutory construction that a Tribunal or body

should be considered to be endowed with such

ancillary or incidental powers as are necessary

to discharge its functions effectively for the

purpose of doing justice between the parties. In

a case of this nature, we are of the view that the

Tribunal should be considered as invested with

such incidental or ancillary powers unless there

is any indication in the statute to the contrary.

We do not find any such statutory prohibition.

On the other hand, there are indications to the

contrary.”

15. In paragraph-7, it has been held that although the Tribunal

or other authorities specified in Section 11 of the Act are

not Courts, they have the trappings of a Court and they

exercise quasi-judicial functions.

16.At paragraph-8, it has been held that “ ... all these

authorities being quasi-judicial in nature, objectively

determining matters referred to them, have to exercise

their discretion in a judicial manner, without caprice and

according to the general principles of law and rules of

natural justice”.

17.At paragraph-10, it has been held that an award passed

9

without participation on sufficient causes is a nullity, and

hence, the Court/Tribunal has the power and duty to set

aside an ex parte award.

18.At paragraph-11, it has been held that the view taken at

paragraph-10 is in consonance with the mandate of Rule

22.

19.At paragraph-12, the Court took the view that going by

Rule 24 of the Central Rules regarding grant of

adjournment being governed by the Code of Civil

Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred to as “the CPC”), the

provisions of Order IX Rule 13 of the CPC would apply in

case of an ex parte award.

20.In paragraph-13, it was held that setting aside an ex parte

award is a matter of procedural review exercised ex debito

justitiae to prevent abuse of its process and such powers

are inherent in every Court or Tribunal.

21.Paragraphs-10 to 13 read as follows:

“10. When sub-section (1) of Section 11

expressly and in clear terms confers power upon

the Tribunal to regulate its own procedure, it

must necessarily be endowed with all powers

10

which bring about an adjudication of an existing

industrial dispute, after affording all the parties

an opportunity of a hearing. We are inclined to

the view that where a party is prevented from

appearing at the hearing due to a sufficient

cause, and is faced with an ex parte award, it is

as if the party is visited with an award without a

notice of the proceedings. It is needless to stress

that where the Tribunal proceeds to make an

award without notice to a party, the award is

nothing but a nullity. In such circumstances, the

Tribunal has not only the power but also the duty

to set aside the ex parte award and to direct the

matter to be heard afresh.

11. The language of Rule 22 unequivocally

makes the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to render

an ex parte award conditional upon the

fulfilment of its requirements. If there is no

sufficient cause for the absence of a party, the

Tribunal undoubtedly has jurisdiction to proceed

ex parte. But if there was sufficient cause shown

which prevented a party from appearing, then

under the terms of Rule 22, the Tribunal will have

had no jurisdiction to proceed and consequently,

it must necessarily have power to set aside the

ex parte award. In other words, there is power to

proceed ex parte, but such power is subject to

the fulfilment of the condition laid down in Rule

22. The power to proceed ex parte under Rule 22

carries with it the power to enquire whether or

not there was sufficient cause for the absence of

a party at the hearing.

12. Under Rule 24(b) a Tribunal or other

body has the powers of a civil court under Order

17 of the Code of Civil Procedure, relating to the

grant of adjournments. Under Order 17, Rule 1, a

civil court has the discretion to grant or refuse

an adjournment. Where it refuses to adjourn the

hearing of a suit, it may proceed either under

Order 17, Rule 2 or Rule 3. When it decides to

11

proceed under Order 17, Rule 2, it may proceed

to dispose of the suit in one of the modes

directed in that behalf by Order 9, or to make

such other order as it thinks fit. As a necessary

corollary, when the Tribunal or other body

refuses to adjourn the hearing, it may proceed

ex parte. In a case in which the Tribunal or other

body makes an ex parte award, the provisions of

Order 9, Rule 13 of the Code are clearly

attracted. It logically follows that the Tribunal

was competent to entertain an application to set

aside an ex parte award.

13. We are unable to appreciate the

contention that merely because the ex parte

award was based on the statement of the

manager of the appellant, the order setting

aside the ex parte award, in fact, amounts to

review. The decision in Patel Narshi Thakershi v.

Pradyumansinghji Arjunsinghji is distinguishable.

It is an authority for the proposition that the

power of review is not an inherent power, it must

be conferred either specifically or by necessary

implication. Sub-sections (1) and (3) of Section

11 of the Act themselves make a distinction

between procedure and powers of the Tribunal

under the Act. While the procedure is left to be

devised by the Tribunal to suit carrying out its

functions under the Act, the powers of civil court

conferred upon it are clearly defined. The

question whether a party must be heard before

it is proceeded against is one of procedure and

not of power in the sense in which the words are

used in Section 11. The answer to the question

is, therefore, to be found in sub-section (1) of

Section 11 and not in sub-section (3) of Section

11. Furthermore, different considerations arise

on review. The expression “review” is used in the

two distinct senses, namely (1) a procedural

review which is either inherent or implied in a

court or Tribunal to set aside a palpably

erroneous order passed under a

12

misapprehension by it, and ( 2) a review on

merits when the error sought to be corrected is

one of law and is apparent on the face of the

record. It is in the latter sense that the court in

Patel Narshi Thakershi case held that no review

lies on merits unless a statute specifically

provides for it. Obviously when a review is

sought due to a procedural defect, the

inadvertent error committed by the Tribunal

must be corrected ex debito justitiae to prevent

the abuse of its process, and such power inheres

in every court or Tribunal.”

(Emphasis supplied)

22.The Court has unambiguously held that it is the power and

duty of the Tribunal exercising its ancillary and incidental

powers to set aside an award which is a nullity. In that

process, the Tribunal is governed by the principles of Order

IX Rule 13 of the CPC. However, apparently, on facts, the

Court came to the conclusion that the power to set aside

an ex parte award remained only till the award had

become enforceable under Section 17A, viz., before the

expiry of 30 days from the date of its publication under

Section 17. It may be seen that the application for setting

aside the award in Grindlays (supra) was filed within 30

days of publication; the award was made on 09.12.1970,

published on 25.12.1976 and the application was filed on

19.01.1977. It is interesting to note that in Grindlays

13

(supra), the Court summarised the legal position in the

concluding paragraph to the effect that “... There is no

finality attached to an ex parte award because it is always

subject to its being set aside on sufficient cause being

shown. The Tribunal had the power to deal with an

application properly made before it for setting aside the ex

parte award and pass suitable orders.”

23. In Anil Sood v. Presiding Officer, Labour Court II

5

,

the Court relied on Grindlays (supra). The facts in the

case of Anil Sood (supra) are important for the purpose

of calculating the 30 days period. In this case, a

reference was made to the Labour Court and the award

was made on 11-09-1995. An application was filed by

the appellant therein on 06-11-1995 contending that he

had no notice of the proceedings. That application was

dismissed on the ground that the Labour Court had

become functus officio. It is pertinent to note that the

decision does not mention the date of publication of the

award. Following the decision in Grindlays (supra), the

Court held as follows:

5

(2001) 10 SCC 534

14

“5. This Court in Grindlays Bank Ltd. case

examined the scheme of the provisions under the

Industrial Disputes Act and enunciated that

Section 11 of the Industrial Disputes Act conferred

ample powers upon the Tribunal to devise its own

procedure in the interest of justice which includes

powers which bring out the adjudication of an

existing industrial dispute. Sub-sections (1) and

(3) of Section 11 of the Act thereby indicate the

difference between procedure and powers of the

Tribunal under the Act, while the procedure is left

to be devised by the Tribunal to suit carrying out

its functions under the Act, the extent of powers

of the civil court are clearly set out.

6. The aspect that the party against whom

award is to be made due opportunity to defend

has to be given is a matter of procedure and not

that of power in the sense in which the language

is adopted in Section 11. When matters are

referred to the tribunal or court they have to be

decided objectively and the tribunals/courts have

to exercise their discretion in a judicial manner

without arbitrariness by following the general

principles of law and rules of natural justice.

7. The power to proceed ex parte is available

under Rule 22 of the Central Rules which also

includes the power to inquire whether or not there

was sufficient cause for the absence of a party at

the hearing, and if there is sufficient cause shown

which prevented a party from appearing, then if

the party is visited with an award without a notice

which is a nullity and therefore the Tribunal will

have no jurisdiction to proceed and consequently,

it must necessarily have power to set aside the ex

parte award.

8. If this be the position in law, both the High

Court and the Tribunal (sic Labour Court) fell into

an error in stating that the Labour Court had

become functus officio after making the award

though ex parte. We set aside the order made and

the award passed by the Labour Court and

15

affirmed by the High Court in this regard, in view

of the fact that the learned counsel for the

respondent conceded that application filed by the

appellant be allowed, set aside the ex parte

award and restore the reference. To decide the

matter afresh, the parties shall appear before the

Labour Court on 11-12-2000 to take further

directions as regards the proceedings. As the

matter is very old, it would be appropriate for the

Labour Court to dispose of this reference as

expeditiously as possible but not later than six

months from today.”

24.In Sangham (supra), the Court took the view that the

Labour Court/Tribunal retains jurisdiction over disputes

referred to it for adjudication only up to the expiry of 30

days of the publication of the award, and thereafter, the

Court/Tribunal becomes functus officio. Referring to

paragraph-14 in Grindlays (supra), the Court held as

follows:

“8. The said decision is, therefore, an

authority for the proposition that while an

Industrial Court will have jurisdiction to set aside

an ex parte award, but having regard to the

provision contained in Section 17-A of the Act, an

application therefor must be filed before the

expiry of 30 days from the publication thereof. Till

then the Tribunal retains jurisdiction over the

dispute referred to it for adjudication, and only up

to that date, it has the power to entertain an

application in connection with such dispute.

XXX XXX XXX

10. In view of this Court's decision in

16

Grindlays Bank [1980 Supp SCC 420 : 1981 SCC

(L&S) 309] such jurisdiction could be exercised by

the Labour Court within a limited time frame,

namely, within thirty days from the date of

publication of the award. Once an award becomes

enforceable in terms of Section 17-A of the Act,

the Labour Court or the Tribunal, as the case may

be, does not retain any jurisdiction in relation to

setting aside of an award passed by it. In other

words, upon the expiry of 30 days from the date

of publication of the award in the gazette, the

same having become enforceable, the Labour

Court would become functus officio.

11. Grindlays Bank has been followed in

Satnam Verma v. Union of India and J.K.

Synthetics Ltd. v. CCE.”

(Emphasis supplied)

25.This Court in Sangham (supra) also referred to the

decision in Anil Sood (supra) and noted as follows:

“12.This Court in Anil Sood did not lay

down any law to the contrary. The contention

raised on the part of Mr Jain to the effect that in

fact in that case an application for setting aside

an award was made long after 30 days cannot

be accepted for more than one reason. Firstly, a

fact situation obtaining in one case cannot be

said to be a precedent for another. (See

Mehboob Dawood Shaikh v. State of

Maharashtra). Secondly, from a perusal of the

said decision, it does not appear that any date of

publication of the award was mentioned therein

so as to establish that even on fact, the

application was made 30 days after the expiry of

publication of the award. Furthermore, the said

decision appears to have been rendered on

concession.”

(Emphasis supplied)

17

26.In Jammu Tehsil v. Hakumar Singh and others

6

,

following the decisions in Grindlays (supra), this Court at

paragraph-5 held that “In view of this Court's decision

in Grindlays Bank case such jurisdiction could be exercised

by the Labour Court within a limited time-frame, namely,

within thirty days from the date of publication of the

award. Once an award becomes enforceable in terms of

Section 17-A of the Act, the Labour Court or the Tribunal,

as the case may be, does not retain any jurisdiction in

relation to setting aside of an award passed by it. In other

words, upon the expiry of 30 days from the date of

publication of the award in the Gazette, the same having

become enforceable, the Labour Court would become

functus officio”.

27.In Radhakrishna Mani Tripathi (supra) the argument

was that Rule 26 (2) of the Industrial Disputes (Bombay)

Rules is ultra vires. The Rule as quoted in the decision, to

the extent relevant, reads as follows:

“(2) Where any award, order or decision is

made ex parte under sub-rule (1), the aggrieved

party, may within thirty days of the receipt of a

6

(2006) 12 SCC 193

18

copy thereof, make an application to the Board,

Court, Labour Court, Tribunal or an arbitrator, as

the case may be, to set aside such award, order

or decision. If the Board, Court, Labour Court,

Tribunal or arbitrator is satisfied that there was

sufficient cause for non-appearance of the

aggrieved party, it or he may set aside the award,

order or decision so made and shall appoint a

date for proceeding with the matter:

Provided that, no award, order or decision shall be

set aside on any application as aforesaid unless

notice thereof has been served on the opposite

party.”

It was contended that under Section 17-A of the Act an award

becomes enforceable on expiry of 30 days from the date of its

publication whereupon the Labour Court is rendered functus officio.

Reliance was placed on certain observations in Grindlays (supra)

and it was further submitted that the provision of Rule 26(2) of the

Bombay Rules was in derogation of Section 17-A of the Act.

However, the Court held as follows:

“15. Similarly, the Court pointed out in

Grindlays Bank, the provision of Rule 24(b)

empowered the Industrial Courts to refuse to

adjourn the hearing and to proceed ex parte.

Hence, in a case in which the Industrial Court

makes an ex parte award the provisions of

Order 9 Rule 13 CPC would be clearly attracted.

It logically follows that the Tribunal is competent

to entertain an application to set aside an ex

parte award. (Vide para 12 of the decision.) The

Court thus founded the Industrial Court’s

jurisdiction and power to recall an ex parte

award on Rules 22 and 24( b) of the Central

Rules. It is thus to be seen that in Grindlays

19

Bank what this Court held to be implicit in Rule

22 of the Central Rules is made explicit and

clear in the Bombay Rules in the form of

sub-rule (2) of Rule 26.”

28.After referring to and quoting paragraph-14 in Grindlays

(supra), it was further held that:

“16. ...From the above quotation it would

appear that in Grindlays Bank the recall

application was filed within thirty days from the

date of publication of the award and hence, the

objection raised on the basis of Section 17-A did

not arise in this case. In Grindlays Bank this

Court did not say that the Industrial Courts

would have no jurisdiction to entertain an

application for setting aside an award made

after thirty days of its publication. Nevertheless,

on the basis of the passage marked in italics in

the above quotation Ms Issar strongly

contended that that is the true import of the

judgment.

17. We are unable to accept. The position is

made clear in the later decision in Anil Sood v.

Labour Court. In Anil Sood interestingly the

Labour Court had rejected the recall application

on the very same ground that after making the

award it became functus officio in the matter.

The order of the Labour Court was challenged

before the High Court but the High Court also

took the same view. In appeal this Court noted

that the award was made on 11-9-1995 and the

application for its recall was filed on 6-11-1995.

…

18.In light of the decision in Anil Sood we

find no substance in the appellant's submission

based on Section 17-A of the Act. There being

no substance in the first limb of the submission

20

there is no question of any conflict between

Rule 26(2) of the Bombay Rules and Section

17-A of the Act.”

(Emphasis supplied)

29.Kapra Mazdoor Ekta Union v. Birla Cotton Spinning

and Weaving Mills Ltd. and Another

7

is a decision by a

Bench of 3 Judges which has also referred to Grindlays

(supra). It is a case where the award was made on

12.06.1987 and published on 10.08.1987. The recall

application was made on 07.09.1987, before the expiry of

the 30 days period provided under Section 17A. It is also to

be noted that the application for recall of the award was

with a prayer for raising an additional issue. To quote from

paragraph-20 of the judgment, “...The recall of the award

of the Tribunal was sought not on the ground that in

passing the award the Tribunal had committed any

procedural illegality or mistake of the nature which vitiated

the proceeding itself and consequently the award, but on

the ground that some matters which ought to have been

considered by the Tribunal were not duly considered.

7

(2005) 13 SCC 777

21

Apparently the recall or review sought was not a

procedural review, but a review on merits. Such a review

was not permissible in the absence of a provision in the

Act conferring the power of review on the Tribunal either

expressly or by necessary implication.” Therefore, Kapra

(supra) is distinguishable on facts and on the question of

law dealt with therein: it was a case of substantive review

whereas, setting aside an ex parte award is a matter of

procedural review. In the case of procedural review, as held

in Kapra (supra), the party “... has to establish that the

procedure followed by the court or the quasi-judicial

authority suffered from such illegality that it vitiated the

proceeding and invalidated the order made therein,

inasmuch as the opposite party concerned was not heard

for no fault of his, or that the matter was heard and

decided on a date other than the one fixed for hearing of

the matter which he could not attend for no fault of his. In

such cases, therefore, the matter has to be reheard in

accordance with law without going into the merit of the

order passed. The order passed is liable to be recalled and

reviewed not because it is found to be erroneous, but

22

because it was passed in a proceeding which was itself

vitiated by an error of procedure or mistake which went to

the root of the matter and invalidated the entire

proceeding. In Grindlays Bank Ltd. v. Central Govt.

Industrial Tribunal it was held that once it is established

that the respondents were prevented from appearing at

the hearing due to sufficient cause, it followed that the

matter must be reheard and decided again.”

30.Therefore, all the decisions hereinabove noted by us

referred to Grindlays (supra). On a close reading of

paragraph-14 of Grindlays (supra), in the background of

the analysis of law under paragraphs-10 to 13, it is difficult

for us to comprehend that the power to set aside an ex

parte award is not available to a Labour Court/Industrial

Tribunal. On the principles of natural justice, and on a

purposive interpretation of the scheme of the Act and

Rules, we find it difficult also to discern that the ratio of the

decision in Grindlays (supra), is what is stated in

paragraph-14 to the extent that an application for setting

aside an ex parte award has to be filed within 30 days of

publication of the award. On the contrary, the ratio in

23

Grindlays (supra) is that the Tribunal can exercise its

ancillary and incidental powers, on the broader principles

contained under Order IX Rule 13 of the CPC. No doubt, the

Limitation Act, 1963 is not applicable to the Labour

Court/Tribunal

8

.

31.In Union of India and another v. Paras Laminates (P)

Ltd

9

this Court held that the legislature has intended and

has conceded certain powers to the tribunals in their

assigned field of jurisdiction for the efficacious and

meaningful exercise of their power. Such powers are

implied in every tribunal unless expressly barred.

“8. There is no doubt that the Tribunal functions

as a court within the limits of its jurisdiction. It has

all the powers conferred expressly by the statute.

Furthermore, being a judicial body, it has all those

incidental and ancillary powers which are necessary

to make fully effective the express grant of statutory

powers. Certain powers are recognised as incidental

and ancillary, not because they are inherent in the

Tribunal, nor because its jurisdiction is plenary, but

because it is the legislative intent that the power

which is expressly granted in the assigned field of

jurisdiction is efficaciously and meaningfully

exercised. The powers of the Tribunal are no doubt

limited. Its area of jurisdiction is clearly defined, but

within the bounds of its jurisdiction, it has all the

8

M.P. Steel Corporation v. Commissioner of Central Excise (2015) 7

SCC 58; Nityananda, M. Joshi and others v. Life Insurance Corporation of India

and others (1969) 2 SCC 199.

9

(1990) 4 SCC 453

24

powers expressly and impliedly granted. The implied

grant is, of course, limited by the express grant and,

therefore, it can only be such powers as are truly

incidental and ancillary for doing all such acts or

employing all such means as are reasonably

necessary to make the grant effective. As stated

in Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes (11th edn.)

“where an Act confers a jurisdiction, it impliedly also

grants the power of doing all such acts, or

employing such means, as are essentially necessary

to its execution”. [See also ITO v. M.K. Mohammed

Kunhi].”

In J. K. Synthetics Ltd v. Collector of Central Excise

10

, while

dealing with a case from the Customs, Excise and Gold (Control)

Appellate Tribunal (CEGAT), this Court went a step further to hold

that there are certain inherent powers vested in every tribunal in

regulating their own procedure. It held at paragraph-6 as follows:

“6. If, in a given case, it is established that the

respondent was unable to appear before it for no fault of

his own, the ends of justice would clearly require that

the ex parte order against him should be set aside. Not

to do so on the ground of lack of power would be

manifest injustice. Quite apart from the inherent power

that every tribunal and court constituted to do justice

has in this respect, CEGAT is clothed with express power

under Rule 41 to make such order as is necessary to

secure the ends of justice. CEGAT has, therefore, the

power to set aside an order passed ex parte against the

respondent before it if it is found that the respondent

had, for sufficient cause, been unable to appear.”

32.In case a party is in a position to show sufficient cause for

its absence before the Labour Court/ Tribunal when it was

10

(1996) 6 SCC 92

25

set ex parte, the Labour Court/Tribunal, in exercise of its

ancillary or incidental powers, is competent to entertain

such an application. That power cannot be circumscribed

by limitation. What is the sufficient cause and whether its

jurisdiction is invoked within a reasonable time should be

left to the judicious discretion of the Labour Court/Tribunal.

33.It is a matter of natural justice that any party to the judicial

proceedings should get an opportunity of being heard, and

if such an opportunity has been denied for want of

sufficient reason, the Labour Court/Tribunal which denied

such an opportunity, being satisfied of the sufficient cause

and within a reasonable time, should be in a position to set

right its own procedure. Otherwise, as held in Grindlays,

an award which may be a nullity will have to be technically

enforced. It is difficult to comprehend such a situation

under law.

34.In this context, it is also necessary to refer to Section 29,

the penal sanction which includes imprisonment for breach

of award.

“29.

Penalty for breach of settlement or

award.- Any person who commits a breach of any term

26

of any settlement or award, which is binding on him

under this Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment

for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine,

or with both, and where the breach is a continuing one,

with a further fine which may extend to two hundred

rupees for every day during which the breach continues

after the conviction for the first and the Court trying the

offence, if it fines the offender, may direct that the

whole or any part of the fine realised from him shall be

paid, by way of compensation, to any person who, in its

opinion, has been injured by such breach.”

35.Merely because an award has become enforceable, does

not necessarily mean that it has become binding. For an

award to become binding, it should be passed in

compliance with the principles of natural justice. An award

passed denying an opportunity of hearing when there was

a sufficient cause for non-appearance can be challenged

on the ground of it being nullity. An award which is a nullity

cannot be and shall not be a binding award. In case a party

is able to show sufficient cause within a reasonable time

for its non-appearance in the Labour Court/Tribunal when it

was set ex parte, the Labour Court/Tribunal is bound to

consider such an application and the application cannot be

rejected on the ground that it was filed after the award had

become enforceable. The Labour Court/Tribunal is not

functus officio after the award has become enforceable as

27

far as setting aside an ex parte award is concerned. It is

within its powers to entertain an application as per the

scheme of the Act and in terms of the rules of natural

justice. It needs to be restated that the Industrial Disputes

Act, 1947 is a welfare legislation intended to maintain

industrial peace. In that view of the matter, certain powers

to do justice have to be conceded to the Labour

Court/Tribunal, whether we call it ancillary, incidental or

inherent.

36.We may also add that when an application for setting aside

an ex parte award is made at the instance of the

management, the Labour Court/Tribunal has to balance

equities. The appeals are hence disposed of as follows. The

awards are remitted to the Labour Court for consideration

as to whether there was sufficient cause for non-

appearance of the management. Since the litigation has

been pending for a long time, we direct the appellants to

pay an amount of Rs.1,00,000/- in each case to the

workmen by way of provisional payment. However, we

make it clear that the payment is subject to the final

outcome of the awards and will be adjusted appropriately.

28

We record our deep appreciation for the gracious

assistance rendered by Mr. Shekhar Naphade.

..............................................J.

[KURIAN JOSEPH]

..............................................J.

[MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR]

...............................................J.

[NAVIN SINHA]

NEW DELHI;

May 18, 2018.

29

ITEM NO.1501 COURT NO.5 SECTION IV

S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A

RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

Petition for Special Leave to Appeal (C) No. 6091 of 2010

M/S. HARYANA SURAJ MALTING LTD. Appellant(s)

VERSUS

PHOOL CHAND Respondent(s)

WITH

SLP (C) No. 6092 of 2010 (IV)

C.A. No. 5893/2012 (XIV)

Date : 18-05-2018 These matters were called on for Judgment today.

For Appellant(s) Mr. Chetan Joshi, Adv.

Mr. Rameshwar Prasad Goyal, AOR

Mr. Aftab Ali Khan, AOR

For Respondent(s) Mr. Rishi Malhotra, AOR

Hon'ble Mr. Justice Kurian Joseph pronounced the reportable

Judgment of the Bench comprising His Lordship, Hon'ble Mr. Justice

Mohan M. Shantanagoudar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Navin Sinha.

Leave granted in SLP (C) No. 6091 of 2010 and SLP (C) No. 6092

of 2010.

The appeals are disposed of.

Pending Interlocutory Applications, if any, stand disposed of.

(JAYANT KUMAR ARORA) (RENU DIWAN)

COURT MASTER ASSISTANT REGISTRAR

(Signed reportable Judgment is placed on the file)

30