REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 1453-1454 OF 2022

ARISING OUT OF SLP (CIVIL) NOS. 13834-13835 OF 2018

REGIONAL TRANSPORT AUTHORITY & ANR. ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

SHAJU ETC. ... RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, J.

1.Leave granted.

2.Section 83 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 enables replacement of the

vehicle covered under an existing transport permit by another vehicle of the

same nature. Can a State Government make Rules, enabling the road transport

authority to reject an application for replacement if the proposed vehicle is older

than the one covered under the existing permit? This is the question we are

tasked to answer. For the analysis and the reasoning that will follow, we have

held that Rule 174(2)(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicle Rules,1989 is valid and

salutary and does not go beyond the scope of Section 83. We will first refer to

the basic facts and the statutory provisions before analyses and determination.

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Facts:

3.1The Respondent was granted a stage carriage operator permit, P.St.

7/362/2012 dated 7.5.2017 in respect of vehicle number KL-41L-1017, a 38-

Seater, 2016 model by the Regional Transport Authority (hereinafter referred to

as ‘Authority’) to conduct transport service on the route Pattimattam-Kakkanad

in Kerala. On 19.5.2017, the Respondent applied to the Authority under Section

83 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Act’) read with

Rule 174 of the Kerala Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 (hereinafter referred to as

‘Rules’) for grant of permission to replace the vehicle covered under his permit

with another vehicle KL-17E-997, a 33-Seater, 2006 model. Alleging inaction

on the part of the Authority, the Respondent filed a Writ Petition before the High

Court of Kerala on 12.6.2017. The Learned Single Judge disposed of the writ

petition on 13.06.2017 by merely directing the State and the Authority to

consider the application on the ground of road-worthiness alone and without

reference to the model of the vehicle.

3.2Aggrieved by the Single Judge’s decision, the Authority preferred Writ

Appeals No.1466/2017 before the Division Bench of the High Court of Kerala.

Another Writ Appeal No.1470/2017 dealing with similar facts and issues was

also taken up along with this case. The Division Bench by the impugned

judgment dated 18.07.2017 dismissed the Writ Appeals holding that Rule 174(2)

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(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 goes beyond the provision of the

Act. The Court concluded:-

“When in exercise of delegated authority, the subordinate

authority i.e., the State, makes the rules, the rules have to

be consistent with the Act. The Rules cannot override the

Act or restrict the ambit of the Act. When the expression

is vehicle of same nature, then if Rule l74(2)(c) restricts

that an older vehicle cannot be brought in, it would be

restricting the right conferred to a person by the

provisions of the Act. Surely such an exercise by a

delegate cannot be permitted. Rules have to be consistent

with the Act and not restricting or in derogation thereto.

Rules to that extent cannot thus be held to be consistent

with the Act and would have to be held to be

inoperative.”

3.3With these findings the Division Bench dismissed the Appeals. It is this

order that is challenged before this Court. We heard Sh. G Prakash, Advocate for

the appellant State and the Authorities and Sh. Santosh Krishnan, Amicus

Curiae.

Contentions:

4.1Shri G. Prakash, learned counsel on behalf of the State and Authority

submitted that the purpose of Rule 174(2)(c) is to ensure the safety of the

travelling public and therefore the prohibition for replacement of a vehicle

covered under a permit with an older model would be legal and justified as it

will also ensure that the vehicle of the ‘same nature’ as prescribed under Section

83. Alternatively, it is also submitted that the requirement under Rule 174(2)(c)

must be seen in the context of discretion to be exercised by the Authority while

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considering the application for replacement. It is his case that rejection is not

automatic as it is within the power of the Authority to either accept or reject the

request the application for a good and a valid reason. He further submits that as

there was no specific challenge to Rule 174(2)(c), the High Court was not

justified in declaring the Rule as inoperative. In light of these submissions, he

urged for the impugned judgment to be set-aside and the Rule be upheld.

4.2Since there was no appearance on behalf of the Respondents, we

requested Shri Santosh Krishnan to assist us as Amicus Curiae and he readily

accepted the assignment and ably assisted us by filing written submissions

supporting the judgment of the High Court. The primary submission of the

Amicus Curiae is that the State Government does not have the legislative

competence to make the impugned Rule. He argued that matters relating to

prescription of conditions, methodology for verification and even certification

of fitness of vehicle (Section 56 read with the Rule 62) as well as the power to

fix the age limit of a motor vehicle (Section 59) fall within the province of the

Central Government and therefore, the State Government does not have the

competence to make Rules 174(2)(c). He would urge that a collateral challenge

to the impugned order on the ground of competence is legally permissible. He

drew our attention to Rules made in other States to demonstrate that none of

them have made a Rule akin to Rule 174(2)(c) that touches upon the fitness of a

vehicle. He concluded by submitting that the impugned decision of the High

4

Court has held the field for over four years and has also been followed in

subsequent cases and therefore this Court may not interfere while exercising

jurisdiction under Article 136.

5.The following issues arise for our consideration:

i.Whether Rule 174(2)(c) of Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 is ultra-

vires the provisions of the Act as the power with respect to prescription of

age limit of a motor vehicle is in the exclusive domain of the Central

Government?

ii.Whether Rule 174(2)(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 travels

beyond and contrary to Section 83 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988?

iii. What is the scope of the discretion exercised by the Authority in exercise

of its power under Rule 174(2)(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules,

1989?

iv.Whether the Respondents can challenge the legality of Rule 174(2)(c)

without specifically praying for the same in the Writ Petition and whether

the High Court is justified in permitting such a submission?

v.Whether the fact that the impugned judgment has held the field over last

few years and has been followed in subsequent orders is in itself a

sufficient ground to reject the appeals?

Act and the Rules:

5

6.1Rule 174(2)(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 provides as

under: -

“Rule 174. Permit‐Replacement of vehicles:

(1) If the holder of a permit desires at any time to replace

a vehicle covered by the permit with another vehicle, he

shall forward the permit and apply in Form “P.V.A.” with

the fee prescribed in Rule 180 to the Transport Authority

which granted the permit stating the reasons for the

proposed replacement and shall,

(a)if the new vehicle is not in his possession, state the

material particulars in respect of which the new

vehicle differs from the old: and

(b) if the new vehicle is in his possession, forward the

certificate of registration hereof

(2) Upon receipt of the application, the Transport

Authority may in his discretion, reject the application –

(a) if it has previous to the date of receipt of the

application given reasonable notice of its intention to

reduce the number of Transport Vehicles of that class

generally or in respect of the route or area to which

the permit applies; or

(b) if the new vehicle proposed differs in the material

respects from the old; or

(c) if the new vehicle proposed is older than the one

sought to be replaced; or

(d) if the holder of the permit has contravened the

provisions thereof or has been deprived of possession

of the old vehicle under the provisions of any

agreement of higher purchase, hypothecation or lease.

(3) if the new vehicle proposed does not differ in material

respects from the old, the application for replacement of

the vehicle may be allowed. If there is material difference

between the two vehicles, the application shall be treated

as if it were for a fresh permit.”

6.2The power relatable to replacement of the vehicle is provided in Section

83 of the Act: -

6

“83. Replacement of vehicles: The holder of a permit

may, with the permission of the authority by which the

permit was granted, replace any vehicle covered by the

permit by any other vehicle of the same nature.”

7.Having noticed the Rule in question and the relatable statutory provision,

we will now consider the issues in seriatim.

Issue (i): Whether Rule 174(2)(c) of Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules 1989 is

ultra-vires the provisions of the Act as the power with respect to

prescription of age limit of a motor vehicle is in the exclusive domain of the

Central Government?

8.1Section 83 is an enabling provision. It allows a permit holder to replace

the vehicle covered under the transport permit. The right to replace the vehicle

under a permit is subject to the permission of the Authority. The right, as well as

the power to grant permission, are subject to the condition that the vehicle to be

replaced is ‘of the same nature’.

8.2The expression, ‘of the same nature’ can have multiple meanings.

1

This

phrase, in its natural expression would only mean having similar features. But

then, would ‘same’ mean similar, identical, equivalent, comparable,

interchangeable or related? Likewise, would the expression “nature” mean

type, feature, texture, make, model, design, or generation?

1 In Geeta B.Rao v. Secretary, Karnataka State Transport Authority, 1994 2 Karn LJ 703, the

Karnataka High Court, while following an earlier judgment Yeshodhara Kadamba v. KSRAT,

ILR1988 KAR 2447 held that the expression “nature” is distinct from the expression

“capacity” that existed prior to its amendment and observed, “firstly, on a plain

understanding of the meaning of the Section can mean, vehicle of a similar type, i.e., a

passenger vehicle. It only means that a tourist vehicle cannot be replaced by a stage

carriage or a goods-vehicle. In other words, the ‘character’ of the vehicle cannot be

changed. The meaning intended to be conveyed is that the characteristic of the vehicle

should not be lost.”

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8.3These are open textual expressions, used in the normal course to convey a

meaning which the legislature would not have intended to be read in a pedantic

manner. When the words in the Section allow multiple interpretations, Courts of

Law have developed the art and technique of finding the correct meaning by

looking at the words in their context. This approach is beautifully expressed by

Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy in the case of Reserve Bank of India v. Peerless

General Finance Investment Co. Ltd And Ors.

2

:

“33. Interpretation must depend on the text and the

context. They are the bases of interpretation. One may

well say if the text is the texture, context is what gives the

colour. Neither can be ignored. Both are important. That

interpretation is best which makes the textual

interpretation match the contextual. A statute is best

interpreted when we know why it was enacted. With this

knowledge, the statute must be read, first as a whole and

then section by section, clause by clause, phrase by

phrase and word by word. If a statute is looked at, in the

context of its enactment, with the glasses of the statute-

maker, provided by such context, its scheme, the sections,

clauses, phrases and words may take colour and appear

different than when the statute is looked at without the

glasses provided by the context. With these glasses we

must look at the Act as a whole and discover what each

section, each clause, each phrase and each word is meant

and designed to say as to fit into the scheme of the entire

Act. No part of a statute and no word of a statute can be

construed in isolation. Statutes have to be construed so

that every word has a place and everything is in its

place……”

2 Reserve Bank of India v. Peerless General Finance Investment Co. Ltd (1987) 1 SCC 424.

We would notice similar approach adopted by this Court in Municipal Corporation of City of

Hubli v. Subha Rao Hanumatharao Prayag and others (1976) 4 SCC 830 Vijayawada

Municipal Corporation v. Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board and Another (1976) 4 SCC

548.

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9.As the text by itself has not conferred certainty to the meaning of the

expression – of the same nature, we have to examine the phrase in context of

the words in the Section, the neighboring provisions, the Chapters, Parts and its

location in the Statute as a whole.

10.The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 regulates matters such as, licensing of the

drivers of motor vehicles in Chapter II, licensing of conductors of stage

carriages in Chapter III, registration of motor vehicles in Chapter IV, control of

transport vehicles in Chapter V, state transport undertakings in Chapter VI,

control of traffic in Chapter VIII, no fault liabilities in Chapter X, insurances in

Chapter XI, establishments of Tribunals in Chapter XII, penalties in Chapter

XIII, apart from the miscellaneous provisions in Chapter XIV. For the purpose

of this case, it is sufficient to examine the phrase in the context of Chapter IV

relating to Registration of Motor Vehicles and Control of Transport Vehicles in

Chapter V.

11.1Chapter IV lays out the general regulatory regime for registration of

motor vehicles, transfer of ownership, certification of fitness, age limit of

vehicles and also provides for the rulemaking powers of the Central as well as

the State Governments. The purpose and object of this Chapter is to regulate

driving of a motor vehicle in any public place and with this endeavor. Section

39 prohibits any person from driving a motor vehicle without its registration.

The Central Government is empowered to lay down norms and prescribe

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procedures for registration, fees, maintenance of registers, registration numbers

(RC), time limits for renewal etc. Fixing the terms and conditions for grant of

Certificate of fitness and fixation of age limits of the vehicle is the exclusive

domain of the Central Government under Sections 56 and 59.

“Section 56. Certificate of fitness of transport vehicles:

(1) Subject to the provisions of sections 59 and 60, a

transport vehicle shall not be deemed to be validly

registered for the purposes of section 39, unless it carries

a certificate of fitness in such form containing such

particulars and information as may be prescribed by the

Central Government, issued by the prescribed authority,

or by an authorized testing station mentioned in sub-

section (2), to the effect that the vehicle complies for the

time being with all the requirements of this Act and the

rules made thereunder;….”

11.2Following the power vested in it, the Central Government enacted the

Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989. Rule 62 laying down the procedure for

grant of a certificate.

“Rule 62. Validity of certificate of fitness:

(1) A certificate of fitness in respect of a transport vehicle

granted under Section 56 shall be in Form 38 and such

certificate when granted or renewed shall be valid for the

period as indicated below……...”

11.3Similarly, we notice the power of the Central Government to prescribe age

limit of a vehicle is in Section 59. The provision to the extent it is relevant for

the purpose of the case is as under: -

“Section 59: Power to fix the age limit of motor vehicle

—

(1) The Central Government may, having regard to the

public safety, convenience and objects of this Act, by

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notification in the Official Gazette, specify the life of a

motor vehicle reckoned from the date of its manufacture,

after the expiry of which the motor vehicle shall not be

deemed to comply with the requirements of this Act and

the rules made thereunder:

Provided that the Central Government may specify

different ages for different classes or different types of

motor vehicles.”

11.4There is a distinction between the rule-making power given to the Central

Government on one hand and to the State Government on the other. Section 64

is the rule-making power of the Central Government, enabling it to lay down the

norms and procedures to be followed for implementation of provisions in the

Act. Sub-sections (m) and (n) of Section 64 are relevant for our purposes,

wherein it is provided that: -

“Section 64: Power of Central Government to make

rules:

The Central Government may make rules to provide for

all or any of the following matters namely: -

(m) the form in which the certificate of fitness shall be

issued under sub-section (1) of Section 56 and the

particulars and information it shall contain;

(n) the period for which the certificate of fitness granted

or renewed under Section 56 shall be effective.”

11.5In contrast, the rule-making power of the State Government is as the

executing agency for implementing of the provisions of the Act. For this

purpose, Section 65 enables the State Government to make such Rules as are

necessary for execution. Crucial words in the Rule making power of the State

are noted below with added emphasis: -

11

“Section 65: Power of State Government to make rules:

(1) A State Government may make rules for the purpose

of carrying into effect the provisions of this Chapter other

than the matters specified in Section 64.”

12.1Chapter V relates to the regulatory regime of the State Governments with

respect to Transport vehicles. It prohibits transportation without a valid permit

under Section 66. Control of road transport vested in the State Government

under Section 67, is to ensure, (a) advantages to the public, trade and industry

by the development of motor of transport, (b) coordination of road and rail

transport,

(c) prevent deterioration of the road system and also to (d) prevent uneconomic

competition among holders of permits. For this purpose, the State Government

can issue directions to the State and Regional Transport Authorities established

under Section 68. Right to Appeal against the decisions of State or Regional

Transport Authority is provided under Section 89 and Revisional powers are

under Section 90, followed by a bar on Civil Courts Jurisdiction under Section

94. Under this Chapter State Government alone has power to make rules.

While Section 95 relates to the rule making power of the State Government with

respect to stage and contract carriages, Section 96 relates to the general power

of the State Government to make rules for the purpose of Chapter V. It is

important to note that there is no power for the Central Government to make

rules under

Chapter V.

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12.2There are different types of transport vehicles, for which there are

different requirements and separate permits to be granted. For example, (i)

applications for stage carriages permits are covered under Section 70, procedure

for the same is provided under Section 71 and the power to grant the transport

permit for stage carriages is provided under Section 72. (ii) Applications for

contract carriages are covered under Section 73 and the power to grant is in

Section 74. (iii) Scheme for renting motor cabs is under Section 75, (iv) private

service vehicle permits are covered under Section 76, (vii) applications,

consideration and grant of goods carriage permits are provided in Sections 77,

78 and 79.

12.3The general norms with respect to applications and the procedure to be

followed is provided under Sections 79 and 80. Duration and renewal of

permits is governed by Section 81 and the transfer of a permit is prescribed in

Section 82. Replacement of a vehicle under a permit with any other vehicle, the

provision with which we are concerned in this case, is provided in Section 83.

General conditions applicable to all permits, the forms in which the permits may

be granted, and the power and procedure of cancellation are provided in

Sections 84, 85 and 86. The legal regime relating to operation and use of permit

outside the region is provided in Sections 87 and 88.

13.1It is in the above referred statutory scheme that the submission of the

Amicus needs to be considered.

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13.2The statutory scheme under Chapter V generally provides for the powers

of the State Government to deal with transport vehicles except under Section 88

of the Act where the powers are subject to the rules made by the Central

Government. It provides not only the procedure for grants of permits, but also

the mechanism by which vehicles used for transportation are regulated. It is in

this context that Section 83 relating to replacement of a vehicle occurs. The

placement of Section 83 in Chapter V is a recognition of the need to provide a

seamless mechanism for replacement of a vehicle during subsistence of a

transport permit. Seen in the context of Chapter V relating to transport vehicles,

it becomes clear that the provision is intended only to enable the owner to work

his permit without any interruption even if there is a need to replace the vehicle

covered by the permit. There is no other purpose. It is intended to be a simple

transaction and this is reason why the scope of scrutiny is limited only to

examining if the vehicle is of same nature as in the permit. This is all that is

required.

13.3It is but natural that the replacement would require the Authority to grant

the necessary permission as they are the regulators. When an application made

under Section 83 is taken up, the Authority is cognizant of the fact that there is a

valid and a subsisting permit and the permit holder seeks to continue operating

the permit and it is only for this reason that he is seeking replacement of the

vehicle. The context in which his scrutiny is called upon, is only to ensure that

14

the conditions of the permit are not deviated from. Therefore, when the statute

says same nature, it is only relatable to the permit. The scrutiny is not of the

vehicle in itself but the vehicle in relation to the permit. It is for this reason that

a scrutiny of the vehicle, stand alone, irrespective of its relation with the permit

becomes an irrelevant consideration for the purpose of Section 83.

13.4The phrase, of the same nature seen in the context of provisions

proximate to Sections 83, relating to duration and renewals of permits (Section

81), transfer of permits (Section 82) lend clarity to the meaning of the

expression. Same nature must necessarily relate to the same nature of the

vehicle in the permit. The question to be asked is the nature of the vehicle under

the permit. What kind of a vehicle was that? How was that connected to the

permit granted? Does the new vehicle serve the same purpose as the old vehicle

was serving under the permit?

13.5Questions relating to the vehicle or about the vehicle are matters of

concern in Chapter IV, under which the Central Government is empowered to

set the norms for the fitness or the age limit of the vehicle. Chapter V, on the

other hand contains the legal regime with respect to operations of transport

vehicles. It is under this Chapter that the Parliament intended that there must be

a provision for replacement of a vehicle covered under a permit so that the

permit granted could continue and subsist till the end of its tenure. Chapters IV

15

and V operate in their own field subserving the purpose and objects mentioned

therein.

13.6For the reasons stated above, we are of the view that Rule 174 (2) (c)

made by the State Government to enable replacement of the vehicle under a

Transport permit, does not impinge upon the powers of the Central Government

with respect to fixation of the age of the vehicle, or fitness of the vehicle

conferred upon it under Sections 56 and 59 in Chapter IV. The scrutiny under

Rule 174 is only to enable the Authority to ensure that the subsisting permit is

not interrupted and at the same time public interest is not compromised by

deviating from the permit. The Rule will have no bearing on the power of the

Central Government and as such it would not be ultra vires the provisions of the

Act.

13.7There is yet another aspect which can lend a certain amount of clarity to

this position. The vehicle which the Authority may not approve for replacement

under section 83 on the ground that it is older than the vehicle covered under the

permit, can be used as a transport vehicle within the State. There is no

prohibition for such a usage as the said vehicle may continue to be fit and

within the age limit prescribed by the Central Government. The rigour of Rule

174 (2) (c) is only in the context of a subsisting transport permit and not as a

condition for transport vehicles as such.

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13.8For the reasons stated above, we are not inclined to accept the submission

that Rule 174(2)(c) is ultra vires the provisions of the statute.

Issue (ii): Whether Rule 174(2)(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989

travels beyond and contrary to Section 83 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988?

14. By the order impugned, the Division Bench of the High Court held that

Rule 174 (2) (c) being inconsistent with the Act should be held to be

inoperative. The reasoning adopted by the High Court is as under:

“9. We may now come to the Act. Section 83 clearly

predicates replacement of the vehicle by vehicle of the

“same nature”. The Legislature have used the expression

purposely. They could have used various other

expressions. To us, the expression is clear. Same nature

would mean; a bus by a bus, a mini bus by a mini bus, an

air-conditioned bus by an air- conditioned bus, a truck by

a truck and not a bus by a mini bus and an air-

conditioned bus by a non-air-conditioned bus or mini bus

by a regular bus; that is the only restriction. When in

exercise of delegated authority the subordinate authority

i.e. the State, makes the rules, the rules have to be

consistent with the Act. The Rules cannot override the Act

or restrict the ambit of the Act. When the expression is

vehicle of same nature, then if Rule, l74(2)(c) restricts

that an older vehicle cannot be brought in, it would be

restricting the right conferred to a person by the

provisions of the Act. Surely such an exercise by a

delegate cannot be permitted. Rules have to be consistent

with the Act and not restricting or in derogation thereto.

The Rules to that extent cannot thus be held to be

consistent with the Act and would have to be held to be

inoperative.”

15. We are of the opinion that Rule 174 (2) (c) is intended to ensure that the

conditions under which a transport permit is granted is not diluted when the

17

vehicle covered by the permit is sought to be replaced by a new vehicle. The

purpose and object of mandating replacement by a vehicle of the same nature in

Section 83 is only to ensure that the scrutiny and the conditions that were

undertaken and imposed at the time of the grant continue even during the

subsistence of the permit. The legal regime involved in the grant of the permit

as evidenced by the statutory provisions, rules, forms and certification establish

this principle. We will explain this position.

16.1Section 83 is to be understood only in the context of a subsisting permit.

The present is a case of a stage carriage permit, the application for which is to

be made under Section 70. When an application under Section 70 for grant of a

stage carriage permit is made, it shall contain particulars such as (i) the type and

seating capacity of the vehicle [Section 70(1)(b)]; (ii) the number of vehicles to

be kept in reserve; and (iii) such other details as may be prescribed. Such

application should also be accompanied by the documents as may be prescribed

[Section 70(2)]. Section 70 of the Act may be noticed:

“Section 70. Application for stage carriage permit: (1)

An application for a permit in respect of a stage carriage

(in this Chapter referred to as a stage carriage permit) or

as a reserve stage carriage shall, as far as may be,

contain the following particulars, namely:—

(a)…

(b) the type and seating capacity of each such

vehicle;

(c) the minimum and maximum number of daily

trips proposed to be provided and the time-table of

the normal trips.

….

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(f) such other matters as may be prescribed.

(2) An application referred to in sub-section (1) shall be

accompanied by such documents as may be prescribed.”

16.2In furtherance of the statutory prescriptions under Section 70, and in

exercise of the power to make Rules, the State Government made the Kerala

Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989. In Chapter V of the Rules relating to control of

transport vehicle, Rule 143 prescribe the application for permits and Rule 144

provides the Forms of such permits.

Rule 143. Application for permits –– The application for

a permit shall be in the following form

Permit Form

(a) stage carriage P.St.S.A

(b)contact carriage P.Co.S.A

(c) private service vehicle permit P.Pr.S.A

(d) goods carriage P.Gd.S.A

(e) temporary permit P.Tem.A

(f) spl perm u/s 88 (8) of the Act P.Sp.A

Rule 144. Form of permits –– Permits shall be issued in

the following forms:

Permit Form

(a) stage carriage P.St.

(b)contact carriage P.Co.

(c) private service vehicle permit P.Pr.S.A

(d) goods carriage P.Gd.S.A

(e) temporary permit P.Tem.A

(f) spl perm u/s 88 (8) of the Act P.Sp.A

16.3As per the P.St.S.A form provided for in Rule 144 for grant of a stage

carriage permit is formulated and appended, which comprises of various

particulars that an applicant must fill and submit. The Form is as under: -

“FORM P.St.S.A

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APPLICATION FOR PERMIT IN RESPECT OF STAGE

CARIAGE/RESERVE STAGE CARRIAGE

1. Full Name

…..

7. Type of vehicle

8. (i) Seating capacity (Excluding Driver and

Conductor) (ii) Maximum laden weight

9. Time table proposed

….”

17.1It is evident from the above, the statutory scheme under Section 70

requiring an application for a transport permit to provide material particulars

include the requirement of indicating the type of vehicle is also incorporated in

the Rules made by the State Government. The Rules, followed by the Forms

require details of the type of the vehicles to be furnished. The need to call for

information about the vehicle becomes relevant when we notice the requirement

of Section 71, relating to the procedure and consideration of the applications.

Section 71 is as under:

“Section 71. Procedure of Regional Transport Authority

in considering application for stage carriage permit.—

(1) A Regional Transport Authority shall, while

considering an application for a stage carriage permit,

have regard to the objects of this Act:

(2) A Regional Transport Authority shall refuse to grant a

stage carriage permit if it appears from any time-table

furnished that the provisions of this Act relating to the

speed at which vehicles may be driven are likely to be

contravened:

Provided that before such refusal an opportunity shall be

given to the applicant to amend the time- table so as to

conform to the said provisions.

(3) (a) The State Government shall, if so directed by the

Central Government having regard to the number of

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vehicles, road conditions and other relevant matters, by

notification in the Official Gazette, direct a State

Transport Authority and a Regional Transport Authority

to limit the number of stage carriages generally or of any

specified type, as may be fixed and specified in the

notification, operating on city routes in towns with a

population of not less than five lakhs.

(b) Where the number of stage carriages are fixed under

clause (a), the Government of the State shall reserve in

the State certain percentage of stage carriage permits for

the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes in the same

ratio as in the case of appointments made by direct

recruitment to public services in the State.

(c) Where the number of stage carriages are fixed under

clause (a), the Regional Transport Authority shall reserve

such number of permits for the scheduled castes and the

scheduled tribes as may be fixed by the State Government

under sub-clause (b).

(d) After reserving such number of permits as is referred

to in clause (c), the Regional Transport Authority shall in

considering an application have regard to the following

matters, namely:—

(i) financial stability of the applicant;

(ii) satisfactory performance as a stage carriage

operator including payment of tax if the applicant is or

has been an operator of stage carriage service; and

(iii) such other matters as may be prescribed by the State

Government:

Provided that, other conditions being equal, preference

shall be given to applications for permits from—

(i) State transport undertakings;

(ii) co-operative societies registered or deemed to have

been registered under any enactment for the time being in

force;

(iii) ex-servicemen; 2[or]

[(iv) any other class or category of persons, as the State

government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing

consider necessary;]”

17.2Under Section 71, if the Central Government, in exercise of its powers

restricts the number of vehicles depending on the road conditions and other

21

relevant factors, the State Government shall direct the Authorities to limit the

number of stage carriages etc. The consequence of limiting the stage carriages,

coupled with the provision for reservation in favour of Schedule Castes and

Schedule Tribes will necessarily compel the Authorities to prioritize competing

applicants on the basis of certain prescriptions. These are statutorily prescribed

under Section 71 (3)(d) read with proviso.

17.3Having considered the applications under Section 70, following the

procedure laid down under Section 71, the stage carriage permission is granted

by the authority under Section 72. Even at the stage of grant, the Authority is

empowered to prescribe certain conditions for the operation of the grant.

Section 72, to the extent that it is relevant for our purpose is as under:

“Section 72. Grant of stage carriage permits.

(1) Subject to the provisions of section 71, a Regional

Transport Authority may, on an application made to it

under section 70, grant a stage carriage permit in

accordance with the application or with such

modifications as it deems fit or refuse to grant such a

permit:

Provided that no such permit shall be granted in respect

of any route or area not specified in the application.

(2) The Regional Transport Authority, if it decides to

grant a stage carriage permit, may grant the permit for a

stage carriage of a specified description and may,

subject to any rules that may be made under this Act,

attach to the permit any one or more of the following

conditions, namely:

(i)…..

(x) that vehicles of a specified type fitted with body

conforming to approved specifications shall be used

(xi) that specified standards of comfort and cleanliness

shall be maintained in the vehicles;

22

(xxiv) any other conditions which may be prescribed.”

17.4In compliance of Section 72, when a stage carriage permit is granted,

Rule 159 of Kerala Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 mandatorily prescribes that a

permit shall bear the registration mark of the vehicle.

“Rule 159. Permits‐entry of registration marks

compulsory: ‐ Time for entry

(1) No permit shall be issued before entering the

registration mark of the vehicle to which it relates

has been entered therein.

(2) When the applicant is unable to produce the

certificate of registration on the date of his

application for permit, owing to the fact that he is not on

that date in possession of the vehicle duly registered, or

for some other reason, the applicant shall within one

month of the sanctioning of the application by the

Transport Authority or such longer period or periods not

exceeding four months in the aggregate as the

Authority may specify, produce the certificate of

registration of the vehicle before that Authority so that

the particulars of the registration mark may be entered in

the permit. In the event of any applicant failing to

produce the certificate of registration within the period

specified by the Transport Authority, the Authority may

revoke its sanction of the application.

(3) The power vested in a Transport Authority under

sub‐rule (2) shall also be exercised by its delegate in

respect of orders passed under the delegated powers.”

18.1Grant of a transport permit is an important function that the statutory

authority under the Act would perform. This Court had an occasion to consider

the serious consequences of motor accidents leading to large number of deaths

and injuries to human body. This unfortunate fact was noted by this Court in

S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India and Ors.

3

3 S. Rajaseekaran v. Union of India (2018) 13 SCC 532 (Judgment dated 30.11.2017).

23

“90.During this hearing, we sought to impress upon all

concerned that road safety issues should be taken

seriously both by the Central Government as well as by

the State Governments. We also noted that huge amounts

running into hundreds of crores of rupees had been

earmarked for road safety and it was also highlighted

that a very large number of deaths had been taking place

due to road accidents. We noted that the insurance

companies had spent an amount of Rs. 11,480 crores by

way of compensation for deaths, injuries, third -party

property damage and other damage due to road

accidents during the financial year 2015-2016.

91.On 7.11.2016 we again noted that there was one

death almost every three minutes as a result of road

accidents. Unfortunately, the legal heirs of half the

victims were not compensated (perhaps being unaware of

their entitlement)…..”

18.2If this reality has to be addressed, the primary obligation is on the

transport regulates the Authorities. The scrutiny that they must exercise in

granting licences and permits in today’s world is much more than ever. At the

same time, Courts have the obligation to interpret the provisions of the statute

and the rules made thereunder in a manner that will sub-serve an effective

scrutiny by the regulator. This Court, as well as the High Courts have

approached the problem in this perspective and in fact, the judgments that we

will advert to, not only underline and emphasise the importance of the

information of the vehicle in the application for permit, but also approved the

condition of a maximum age of the vehicle prescribed by the Authorities.

24

19.1In the case of Sheelchand and Co. v. State Transport Appellate

Authority, Gwalior,

4

the Division Bench of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh

upheld the condition of the Authority which prescribed that the Bus must be of

1962 model. The Court held:

“Under section 48(3), the RTA may grant the permit for a

service of stage carriages of a specified description…

Clause (xxiii) gives the RTA the authority to attach “any

other condition which may be prescribed”. The power to

prescribe such a condition flows not from any of the

clauses of section 48(3) but from the substantive

provision of sub-section (3) itself. That sub-section says

that the RTA may grant a permit for the service of sage

carriages of a specified description. If the stage carriage

for which a permit can be granted can be of a “specified

description” then it follows that the RTA has the power to

say that the stage carriage for which the permit has been

granted shall be of a particular year of manufacture.

Specific description of a stage carriage is not confined to

its class, name, maker, number of cylinders or

horsepower, but also includes the year of manufacture.....

The whole idea and requiring that the service of a stage

carriage shall be run with a stage carriage of a

particular year of manufacture is to ensure reliability and

efficiency of service and the safety of the travelling

public. Section 47 and 48 of the Act, read together,

clearly show that the statutory powers to issue permits

with certain conditions of stage carriages or not meant

for the benefit and protection of permit holders but are

meant for the benefit of the general public.”

5

4 Sheelchand and Co. v. State Transport Appellate Authority, Gwalior and Anr. (1963) SCC

Online MP 44.

5 M/s. Goa Highways Operators v. State Transport Authority, Goa, Daman, and Diu (1976)

SCC Online GDD 19.

25

19.2The Division Bench judgment of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh was

approved by this Court in the case of Subhash Chandra v. State of U.P,

6

wherein Justice Krishna Iyer in his inimitable expression observed as under:

“3…. The State must remember that it has responsibilities

not merely to minibus owners, but also to avoid the daily

tragedies on the Indian highways under the little wheels

of these whirling carriages. Section 51(2) Motor vehicles

act, 1939, is geared to public safety, not private profits

and cast a solemn duty not to be deterred by any pressure

except the pressure of social justice to Indian lives

moving in buses, walking on roads or even standing on

margins. If the top killer – road accident – is to be

awarded death sentence, Section 51 and like provisions

must receive severe enforcement. In this spirit – although

backtracking from 4-year-old vehicles to 7-year-old

models – the State imposed condition 18. This was

challenged artfully but unsuccessfully before the High

Court and is attacked before us as ultra-vires Section

51(2) of the Act. We will examine briefly the submissions

to reach the conclusion that mere lexical legalism cannot

sterilize the sensible humanism writ large on Section

51(2)(c). It is not ultra vires Indian law every condition

to save life and limb is intra wires such salvation re-

provision. This perspective of social justice simplifies the

problem and upholds the High Court.

4…. The short question is whether the prescription that

the bus shall be at least a 7-year-old model one is

relevant to the condition of the vehicle and its

passenger’s comparative safety and comfort on our

chaotic highways. Obviously, it is. The older the model,

the less the chances of the latest safety measures being

built into the vehicle. Every new model incorporates new

devices to reduce danger and promote comfort. Every

new model assures its age to be young, fresh and strong,

less likely to suffer sudden failures and breakages, less

susceptible to wear and tear and mental fatigue leading

to unexpected collapse… We have no hesitation to hold,

from the point of view of human rights of road users, that

the condition regarding model of the permitted bus is

6 Subhash Chandra and Ors. v. State of U.P. and Ors. (1980) 2 SCC 324.

26

within the jurisdiction and not to prescribe such safety

clauses is abdication of statutory duty.

5. ….We are clear that a later model is a better safeguard

and, more relevantly to the point, the year of the make

and the particulars of the model or part of the

description.

7

”

20.1The principles and observations made by the Full Bench of the High

Court of Kerala on the powers and duties of the Authorities while considering

competing applications for grant of a permit are noteworthy. Of course, the

Court was dealing with a slightly different issue, i.e., whether an applicant for

stage carriage permit who has given the particulars of the vehicle he proposes

to put on road should be preferred over an applicant who does not provide such

information before-hand. The Full Bench of the Kerala High Court held as

under:

“10. As repeatedly pointed out in the various decisions

of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the

paramount consideration that should weigh with the

Regional/State Transport Authority in taking a decision

regarding the grant of a stage carriage permit is the

advancement of public interest. Such decision will have

to be reached by the authority on a comparative

evaluation of the qualifications possessed by the various

applicants as on the date of consideration of the subject

by it. If, on the date of consideration of the applications,

an applicant is found to be possessed of a vehicle of the

required specifications regarding its model, seating

capacity etc. and if in respect of other matters he is found

to be possessed of better qualifications than a rival

applicant who might have furnished the particulars of his

vehicle in his application itself it will not be in the public

interest and, hence, also legally not right to overlook the

7 This judgment is followed by this Court in a subsequent decision in the case S.K. Bhatia

and Ors.v. State of U.P and Ors. (1983) 4 SCC 194.

27

superior claims of the former and prefer the latter for the

grant of the permit merely on the ground of his having

furnished in his application particulars of his vehicle. As

already observed by us, an application for the grant of a

stage carriage permit cannot be treated as invalid merely

on the ground that it does not contain particulars of the

vehicle proposed to be used for the service nor can the

applicant be disqualified or excluded from consideration

on the said ground. If all other qualifications are equal as

between the two applicants, one of whom had furnished

in his application the particulars of his vehicle and the

other had furnished such particulars only at a later stage

before the matter was taken up for consideration by the

Regional/State Transport Authority and the vehicle

offered by the latter is found to be of a later model and

better quality (providing better comforts for the

passengers) than the vehicle offered by the former, the

Regional/State Transport Authority will be perfectly

justified in taking the view that it will be in the public

interest to grant the permit to the applicant who has

offered the better vehicle (see Ikram Khan v. The State

Transport Appellate Tribunal, (1976) 4 SCC 1 : AIR.

1976 SC. 2333). However, if in such a case the vehicles

offered by both the applicants are found to be

substantially of the same type, quality, model etc. and if

in respect of other matters both the applicants are equally

qualified it will be open to the Regional/State Transport

Authority in its discretion to prefer for the grant the

applicant who had furnished the particulars of his vehicle

in the application itself treating the said circumstance as

aground for tilting the balance as between the two

persons whose qualifications are equal in all other

respects.”

20.2The judgment of the Full Bench of the Kerala High Court has been

followed in a number of cases.

8

In another case of Babu Goverdhan,

9

this Court

8 Bheem Singh Bhati v. State of MP and Ors. (2013) SCC Online MP 8381; Ushakumari v.

Abdul Azeez & Ors (2000) SCC Online Ker 269.

9 Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation v. Babu Goverdhan Regular Motor Service

and Ors. (1969) 2 SCC 746.

28

emphasised on the importance of the requirement of Form P.St.S.A along with

the stage carriage permit application. It was held that the Form is an integral

part of the legal regime which the State Government is authorised to take note

of. The importance of furnishing all the details of a vehicle has also been

affirmed in the case of Shaheed Khan.

10

“79. In the instant case we have already held that the

conditions imposed by the impugned amendments in the

Rules of 1994 are with a view to ensure safe, secure and

convenient transport services to the passengers to

provide cheaper and safer facilities to rural public, to

protect and preserve the road conditions, for better traffic

management and to reduce traffic on long routes thereby

reducing chances of untoward incidents and accidents

and as such are in the interest of public at large. It is,

therefore, clear that although we have already held that

the petitioners do not have a fundamental right to

operate stage carriages even otherwise, the impugned

amendments in the rules are in consonance with and in

furtherance of the object and purpose of the Act and are

reasonable restrictions which can legitimately be

imposed as provided by and permissible under Article

19(6) of the Constitution of India on the fundamental

right to trade and commerce granted under Article 19(1)

(g) of the Constitution of India.”

21.1The reasoning adopted by the Division Bench in the impugned order that

Rule 174 (2) (c) has overridden the Act is not correct because a subordinate

legislation must be interpreted to effectuate the statutory purpose and objective.

The Rule should enable the transport Authorities considering applications for

replacement to insist upon the permit holder to abide by the same rigour and

regulation that he was put to when the permit was granted. In our view, the High

10 Shaheed Khan v. State of MP (2011) SCC Online MP 2228.

29

Court has not appreciated the context in which Rule 174 (2) (c) read with

Section 83 is to be construed.

21.2The Section as well as the Rule are to be seen in the context of Chapter V

relating to control of transport vehicles with respect to which the State

Government has the jurisdiction and power grant and regulate transport permits.

Rule 174 (2) (c), gives effect to that regulatory regime of the State.

Replacement of a vehicle during the subsistence and continuation of a transport

permit is only an incident in the working of a transport permit. While addressing

such an incident, the Authority cannot be oblivious of the history and

background in which the permit is granted.

21.3Further, the assumption in the impugned judgment that the expression

“same nature” is confined only to, mean “a bus by bus, a mini-bus by mini-bus

and not bus by a minibus….” is not a correct way to read the provision. There

is no need to restrict the meaning of an expression same nature. In fact,

expressions such as this are better kept open ended to enable courts to subserve

the needs of changing circumstances.

11

21.4Having examined Rule 174 (2) (c), intended to implement the purpose of

section 83 and also having examined Section 83 in the context of Chapter V, in

11 Madan Singh Shekhawat v. Union of India (1999) 6 SCC 459, Para 15; Kailash Chand

and Anr v. Dharam Dass (2005) 5 SCC 375, Para 12 and 13; Bangalore Turf Club Limited v.

Regional Director, Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (2014) 9 SCC 657, Para 61.

30

contrast to Chapter IV, we are of the view that the rule is neither beyond nor

contrary to Section 83.

Issue (iii): What is the scope of the discretion exercised by the authority in

exercise of its power under Rule 174(2)(c) of the Kerala Motor Vehicles

Rules, 1989?

22.1Rule 174 (2) provides that, upon receipt of an application, the Transport

Authority may in his discretion reject an application, (c) if the new vehicle

proposed is older than the one sought to be replaced. Learned counsel on

behalf of the State submitted that, it is not as if applications seeking replacement

of a vehicles, older than the one’s covered by the Transport permit would stand

rejected by the operation of the rule. It is his case that the Authority is given the

power to exercise its discretion before rejecting an application on the said

ground.

22.2Discretion is to be exercised wherever necessary in order to render the

exercise of power reasonable, fair and non-arbitrary. Discretion could be

express or implied. Rule 174(2) is a provision where the Government has

expressly enabled the Authority to apply discretion, wherever necessary, while

exercising the power to grant replacement of a vehicle under a permit. This

discretion will have to be exercised reasonably, fairly as the facts and

circumstance would clearly demonstrate. For instance, where the vehicle sought

to be substituted is marginally and inconsequentially older than the vehicle

covered under the permit, the Authority may perhaps be justified in permitting

31

such an application. The Authority will also bear in mind the circumstances in

which the permit holder was chosen in cases of comparative merit under which

the rival applicants would have offered their own vehicles. Needless to say, that

if the exercise of the discretion is not based on just reasonable and non-arbitrary

principles, such a decision would be vulnerable and subject to correction in

appeal and a further review. There is no need to delve on this issue any further.

Issue (iv):Whether the Respondents can challenge the legality of Rule

174(2)(c) without specifically praying for the same in the Writ Petition and

whether the High Court is justified in permitting such a submission?

23.As we have held that Rule 174 (2) (c) is neither ultra vires the Act, nor

has overridden Section 83, as held by the High Court, there is no need to deal

with this issue.

Issue (v):Whether the fact that the impugned judgment which has held the

field over last few years and has been followed in subsequent orders is in

itself a sufficient ground to reject the appeals?

24.The Special Leave Petition against the order impugned was filed

immediately after the decision of the Division Bench of the High Court and the

matter has been pending adjudication before this Court. Apart from the fact that

the matter has been sub-judice, the decision that we have arrived at is based on

the interpretation of statutory provisions and the principles concerning

construction of subordinate legislation. As the judgment of the High Court is

contrary to law, it is compelling and inevitable that we set aside the judgment

and rule upon the correct position of law.

32

For the reasons stated above, we set aside the judgment of the High Court

in Writ Appeal Nos. 1466 and 1470 of 2017, by holding that Rule 174 (2) (c) is

intra vires the provisions of the Act and also Section 83 of the Motor Vehicles

Act. The appeals are allowed.

25. Before parting with this case, we would like to record our deep

appreciation for extremely valuable assistance provided by the learned Amicus

Curiae, Shri Santosh Krishnan.

………………………………

K.M. JOSEPH, J

……………………………….

PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, J

NEW DELHI;

FEBRUARY 17, 2022

33