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ROHIT TANDON Vs. The Enforcement Directorate

  Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appeal /18781879 /2017
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Case Background

This appeal is made against the order passed by the High Court of Delhi rejecting the bail application.

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Document Text Version

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1878­1879   OF  2017

(Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 6896–6897 of 2017)

Rohit Tandon       …Appellant

                          :Versus:

The Enforcement Directorate       …Respondent

J U D G M E N T

A.M. Khanwilkar, J.

1.By these appeals the order of the High Court of Delhi at

New Delhi dated 5

th

 May, 2017, rejecting the Bail Application

No.119 of 2017 and Criminal M.B. No.121 of 2017 has been

assailed. The appellant was arrested on 28

th

 December, 2016 in

connection with ECIR/18/DZ­II/2016/AD(RV) registered under

Sections 3 & 4 of the Prevention of Money­Laundering Act,

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2002 (hereinafter referred to as “the Act of 2002”).  The said 

ECIR was registered on 26

th

  December, 2016 as a sequel to

FIR No.205/2016 dated 25

th

 December, 2016 in relation to the

offences punishable under Sections 420, 406, 409, 468, 471,

188 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (“IPC” for short).

The said FIR was registered by the Crime Branch of Delhi

Police, New Delhi.  The ECIR, however, has been registered at

the   instance   of   Assistant   Director   (PMLA),   Directorate   of

Enforcement, empowered to investigate the offences punishable

under the Act of 2002. 

2.The appellant first approached the Additional Sessions

Judge­02, South East Saket Court, New Delhi for releasing him

on bail by way of an application under Section 439 of the Code

of Criminal Procedure, 1973 read with Section 45 of the Act of

2002.     The   said   bail   application   came   to   be   rejected   vide

judgment   dated 7

th

  January,  2017  by the   said  Court.  The

appellant thereafter approached the High Court of Delhi at New

Delhi   by   way   of   Bail   Application   No.119   of   2017   and   an

interlocutory   application   filed   therein,   being   Criminal   M.B.

No.121 of 2017. The High Court independently considered the

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merits of the arguments but eventually rejected the prayer for

bail vide impugned judgment dated 5

th

 May, 2017.  

3.The ECIR  has been registered against Ashish Kumar,

Raj   Kumar   Goel   and   other   unknown   persons   for   offences

punishable under Sections 3/4 of the Act of 2002 on the basis

of information/material, as evident from the predicate offence

registered   by  P.S.   Crime   Branch,   Delhi  against   the   named

accused and unknown accused for offences punishable under

Sections 420, 406, 409, 467, 468, 471, 188 and 120B of IPC,

being   FIR   No.205/2016   dated   25

th

  December,   2016.     The

relevant facts noted in the ECIR read thus:

“A.It is reported that during the course of investigation of

Case FIR No.242/16 u/s 420, 467,468,471, 120­B IPC, PS

C.R. Park, Delhi, it is revealed that Accused Raj Kumar Goel

along  with associates  are  engaged  into  earning  profits  by

routing   money   into   various   accounts   by   using   forged

documents   and   thereby   receiving   commission   from   the

prospective clients who either need money by cheque or in

cash. In order to obtain large profits, accused Raj Kumar Goel

and few of his associates have opened many Bank Accounts

in Kotak Mahindra and ICICI Bank at Naya Bazar, Chandni

Chowk, Delhi. 

B. On   08.11.2016,   the   Government   if   India   announced

demonetization   of   one   thousand­   (1000)   and   five   hundred

(500) rupee notes. On this accused Raj Kumar Goel conspired

with the bank manager of Kotak Mahindra Bank, Cannaught

Place, namely Ashish Kumar r/o A­701, Bestech Park, Sector

61, Gurugram, Haryana and one Chartered Accountant, name

unknown, having mobile number 9711329619 to earn huge

profit by converting black money in the form of old currency

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notes into new currency notes. In this conspiracy, the said CA

acted as a mediator and arranged prospective clients who

intended to convert their black money into legitimate money.

For the same, alleged CA offered 2% commission to the other

accused persons on all such transactions. 

C. The accused were having bank accounts in the Naya

Bazar branch of Kotak Mahindra Bank but the CA and Bank

Manager  Ashish  asked  accused  Raj   Kumar  to  deposit  old

currency notes in Cannaught Place branch of Kotak Mahindra

Bank.   It   is   also   revealed   that   the   accused   opened   bank

accounts   in the   name   of   Quality  Trading  Company,  Swati

Trading   Company,   Shree   Ganesh   Enterprises,   R.K.

International,   Mahalxmi   Industires,   Virgo   International   and

Sapna International on the basis of forged/false documents

and deposited approx. Rs.25 Crore after the demonetization.

As  per the  preliminary investigation of the said case  it is

transpired   that   accused   Raj   Kumar   Goel,   Bank   Manager

Ashish, CA along with their associates are involved in a deep

roted conspiracy and were indulged in converting old currency

which   were   entrusted   to   bank/Govt   officials   and   were

supposed to be delivered to general public/guidelines issued

by the Reserve Bank of India/Ministry of Finance and hand

thus cheated the public at large. The accused persons have

also caused monetary loss to the Govt. of India and thereby

Committed offences u/s 420, 406, 409, 467, 468, 471, 188,

120­B IPC.”  

It is then noted that the offences under Sections 420,

468, 471 and 120B of IPC are scheduled offences under the Act

of   2002   and   that   from   the   available   facts,   a   reasonable

inference   is   drawn   that   the   named   accused   and   unknown

accused have made illegal earnings arising out of the said

criminal conspiracy which might have undergone the process

of laundering and thereby an offence under Section 3 of the Act

of 2002 was made out.   It is noted that prima facie case for

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commission   of   offence   under   Section   3   punishable   under

Section 4 of the Act of 2002 was made out and accordingly the

case is being registered and taken up for investigation under

the Act of 2002 and rules framed thereunder. 

4.The learned Sessions Judge while considering the bail

application adverted to the relevant   materials including the

CDR   analysis   of   Mobile   number   of   Ashish  Kumar,   Branch

Manager, Kotak Mahindra Bank, K.G. Marg Branch, Kamal

Jain,   CA   of   Rohit   Tandon   (hereinafter   referred   to   as

“appellant”), Dinesh Bhola, Raj Kumar Goel;  the statements of

Kamal Jain, Dinesh Bhola and Ashish Kumar, recorded under

Section 50 of the Act of 2002; and analysis of bank statements

of   stated   companies.   All   these   reveal   that   Ashish   Kumar

conspired with other persons to get deposited Rs.38.53 Crore

in   cash   of   demonetized   currency     into   bank   accounts   of

companies and got demand drafts issued in fictitious names

with intention of getting them cancelled and thereby converting

the   demonetized   currency   into   monetized   currency   on

commission basis.   Further, the  investigation also revealed

that the entire cash was collected on the instructions of the

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appellant herein, by Ashish Kumar, Raj Kumar Goel and others

through   Dinesh   Bhola,   an   employee   of   the   appellant.

According to the prosecution, all the associates of the appellant

acted on instructions of the appellant for getting issued the

demand drafts against cash deposit with the help of Ashish

Kumar, Branch Manager of Kotak Mahindra Bank  and others,

to the tune of Rs.34.93 Crore from Kotak Mahindra Bank, K.G.

Marg Branch. It was also noted that the demand drafts   of

Rs.3.60   Crore   were   issued   in   fictitious   names   on   the

instructions   of   Bank   Manager   Ashish   Kumar   in   lieu   of

commission received by him in old cash currency. The demand

drafts   amounting   to   Rs.38   Crore   were   issued   in   favour   of

Dinesh Kumar and Sunil Kumar which were recovered from

the custody of Kamal Jain who had kept the same on the

instructions of the appellant. Out of the said amount, the

demand drafts of other banks, apart from Kotak Mahindra

Bank Limited, were also recovered. The prosecution suspected

that there could be other dubious transactions made by the

appellant   in   other   banks   and   that   Ashish   Kumar,   Bank

Manager and others were acting on the instructions of the

appellant for executing the crime. 

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5.The   Sessions   Court   rejected   the   argument   of   the

appellant that the investigation of the offence registered against

the appellant and others under Section 3/4 of the Act of 2002

being a sequel to the FIR registered by the Crime Branch of

Delhi   Police,   it   cannot   be   investigated   by   the   Enforcement

Directorate.   For,   the   Enforcement   Directorate   was   not

concerned   with   the   outcome   of   the   investigation   of   the

predicate offence registered by the Delhi Police. It thus opined

that the matter on hand must be examined only in reference to

the registration of ECIR by the Enforcement Directorate.  The

fact   that   the   investigation   in   FIR   registered   by   the   Crime

Branch of Delhi Police, bearing FIR No.205/2016, had not

commenced will also be of no avail to the appellant.   The

Sessions Court also found that as per Section 19 of the Act of

2002, the only condition to be satisfied for arrest of a person is

the reasonable belief of the authority gathered on the basis of

material in its possession. Further, in the present case, the

accused was arrested by the competent authority on the basis

of material in his possession giving rise to a reasonable belief

about   the   complicity   of   the   accused   in   the   commission   of

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offence punishable under the Act of 2002.  As such the arrest

of the appellant under the Act of 2002 cannot be termed as

illegal.  After having dealt with those contentions, the Sessions

Court took note of the material pressed into service by the

prosecution and analysed the same in the following words:

“21.Pursuant   to   registration   of   FIR   No.205/2016   under

section 420, 406, 409, 468, 471, 188, 120­B IPC by Crime

Branch, the matter was taken up by ED and ECIR No.18/16

was   opened   for   investigation.   Transaction   statements   of

accounts   in   Kotak   Mahindra   Bank   in   FIR   No.205/16   in

respect of companies i.e. Delhi Training Company, Kwality

Tading Company, Mahalaxmi Industries, R.K. International,

Sapna Trading Company, Shree Ganesh Enterprises, Swastik

Trading Company arid Virgo International were sought and

scrutinized, Huge cash deposits in the said accounts were

identified   during   November,   2016,   post   demonetization

announcement it was found that demand drafts were issued

in   fictitious   names   like   Dinesh   Kumar,   Sunil   Kumar,

Abhilasha Dubey, Madan Kumar, Madan Saini, Satya Narain

Dagdi and Seema Bai. 

22.Statement   of   Ashish   Kumar,   accused   named   in

FIR No.205/16, Branch Manager, Kotak Mahindra Bank,

K.G.   Marg   branch   was   recorded   under   section   50   of

PMLA which revealed that Kamal Jain, CA of accused

Rohit   Tandon   contacted   him   to   get   the   demonetized

currency on behalf of accused/applicant, converted into

monetized   currency   on   commission   basis.   The

commission of Ashish Kumar was decided @ 35%, who in turn

contacted one Yogesh Mittal and Rajesh Kumar Goel, accused

in FIR No.205/16 to carry out the criminal design of getting

the demonetized cash converted into monetized 7 valuable

form.   Demonetized   currency   was   deposited   in   different

accounts of companies pertaining to Raj Kumar Goel besides

others through Raj Kumar Goel with the help of Ashish Kumar

in different bank accounts of Kotak Mahindra Bank and DDs

were   issued   in   fictitious   names.   The   illegal   conversion   of

demonetized   currency,   getting   the   same   deposited   and

issuance   of   demand   drafts   is   corroborated   through   CDR

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analysis of relevant persons for the relevant period. Dinesh

Bhola and Kamal Jain, in their statements recorded under

section 50 of PMLA have also confirmed and reiterated the

facts as stated by Ashish Kumar, the Branch Manager. The

statements   of   persons   recorded   under   section   50   of

PMLA, which has evidentiary value under section 50(4)

of   PMLA,   have   confirmed   that   the   old   demonetized

currency   pertains   to   accused   Rohit   Tandon   and   the

conspiracy was executed on his instructions. 

23.Lastly, it was submitted by learned senior counsel for

accused that accused fully cooperated with the investigating

agency and there was no need to arrest him in this case. He

further   submitted   that   the   actions   of   Accused   persons   as

mentioned in the FIR attract implications and as such the

correct authority to investigate into the same is the Income

Tax Department and not the ED. Per contra, learned Special

Prosecutor for ED submitted that accused only cooperated in

the   investigation   in   ECIR   No.14/16   and   not   in   ECIR   No.

18/16. He further submitted that as sufficient material

surfaced on record against the present accused and he

did not cooperate in the investigation in the present

case, therefore, accused Rohit Tandon was arrested in

this   case.  He   submitted   that   he   does   not   dispute   the

jurisdiction of Income Tax Department so far as other aspects

of the matter are concerned. 

24.As per section 45 of PMLA, while considering grant of

bail to accused, the court has to satisfy that:­

i. There are reasonable grounds for believing that

accused is not guilty of such offence and that

ii.He is not likely to commit any offence, while on

bail.

25.In the present case, accused has failed to satisfy

this   court   that   he   is   not   guilty   of   alleged   offence

punishable under section 3 of PMLA. He has not been

able  to  discharge  the  burden   as   contemplated   under

section 24 of the Act. 

26.Accused is alleged to have been found involved in a

white   collar   crime.   The   alleged   offence   was   committed   by

accused in conspiracy with other co­accused persons in a well

planned and thoughtful manner. It has been observed in a

catena of decisions by Hon’ble Superior Courts that economic

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offences constitute a class apart and need to be visited with a

different approach in the matter of bail. The economic offence

having deep rooted conspiracies and involving huge loss of

public, funds needs to be viewed seriously and considered as

grave   offences   affecting   the   economy   of   the   country   as   a

whole   and   thereby   posing   serious   threat   to   the   financial

health of the country.”  

(emphasis supplied)

6.Having   formed   that   opinion   and   noticing   that   the

investigation was at the initial and crucial stage and that the

source of funds of proceeds of crime was yet to be ascertained

till then and that the recovery of balance proceeds of crime was

in the process, the question of enlarging the appellant on bail

does not arise,  more so, when there was every possibility that

he may tamper with the evidence and influence the material

prosecution witnesses. Accordingly, the bail application was

rejected by the Sessions Court vide judgment and order dated

7

th

 January, 2017.

7.Aggrieved, the appellant approached the High Court of

Delhi by way of bail application under Section 439 of the

Cr.P.C. read with Section 45 of the Act of 2002. The High Court

independently   analysed   all   the   contentions   raised   by   the

appellant and after adverting to the relevant materials, rejected

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the application for grant of bail preferred by the appellant.  The

High Court found that the Act of 2002  does not prescribe that

the   Enforcement   Directorate   is   debarred   from   conducting

investigation in relation to the offences under Sections 3 & 4 of

the   Act   of   2002   unless   the   Crime   Branch   concludes   its

investigation in relation to FIR No.205/2016 or was to file

charge­sheet for commission of scheduled offence.   Further,

the proceedings under the Act of 2002 are distinct from the

proceedings   relating   to   scheduled   offence   and   both   the

investigations can continue independently.   The High Court

then noted that Section 44 of the Act of 2002 is an enabling

provision, to have a joint trial in such a situation to avoid

conflicting and multiple opinions of the Courts. But proceeded

to hold that the said possibility would arise only when the

charge­sheet is filed after completion of investigation in relation

to   FIR   No.205/2016   and   the   case   is   committed   to   the

concerned Court.  The High Court held that Section 44 of the

Act of 2002 does not envisage a joint investigation but is a

provision stipulating that the trial of offence under Section 3/4

of the Act of 2002 and any scheduled offence connected to the

offence under that section may be tried only by the Special

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Court constituted for the area in which the offence has been

committed.   While considering the merits of the allegations

against the appellant, in particular, the materials on record,

the High Court analysed the same in the following words:

“14. In  FIR   No.205/2016  allegations   are   that  Raj  Kumar

Goel; Ashish Kumar, Bank Manager, Kotak Mahindra Bank,

K.G.Marg Branch and others conspired for illegal conversion

of demonetized  currency notes into  monetized currency by

way of depositing cash in various accounts of the firms and

subsequently   getting   Demand   Drafts   issued   in   fictitious

names.   It   is   further   alleged   in   the   said   FIR   that   accused

therein   opened   bank   accounts   in   the   name   of   ‘Group   of

Companies’   in   Kotak   Mahindra   Bank.   In   ECIR   No.18,

transactions statements of accounts were collected pertaining

to these ‘Group of Companies’ from Kotak Mahindra Bank

and it emerged that from 15.11.2016 to 19.11.2016, there

was huge cash deposit to the tune of `31.75 crores by Raj

Kumar Goel and his associates. It was also found that the

Demand   Drafts   amounting   to   `38   crores   were   issued   in

fictitious names during that period. It cannot be said at this

stage that offences referred in FIR No.205/2016 and the ECIR

No.18 have no nexus. 

15. Prosecution under Section 45 of PMLA for commission of

offence under Section 3 punishable under Section 4 of PMLA

has already been initiated by ED in the Special Court. By an

order   dated   25.02.2017,   learned   Addl.   Sessions   Judge   /

Special   Court   (PMLA)   has   taken   cognizance   against   Rohit

Tandon (present petitioner), Ashish Kumar and Raj Kumar

Goel.   Dinesh   Bhola   and   Kamal   Jain   have   also   been

summoned to face trial under Section 4 of PMLA. Raj Kumar

Goel and Ashish Kumar continue to be in custody in the said

proceedings. 

16. On perusal of the complaint lodged under Section 45

PMLA, it reveals that serious and grave allegations have been

leveled against the petitioner and others. The allegations are

categorical and specific; definite role has been assigned to

each   accused.   It   is   alleged   that   during   the   period   from

15.11.2016 to 19.11.2016, huge cash to the tune of `31.75

crores   was   deposited   in   eight   bank   accounts   in   Kotak

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Mahindra Bank in the accounts of the ‘Group of Companies’.

It gives details of Demand Drafts issued during 15.11.2016 to

19.11.2016 from eight bank accounts in the name of Sunil

Kumar,   Dinesh   Kumar,   Abhilasha   Dubey,   Madan   Kumar,

Madan Saini, Satya Narain Dagdi and Seema Bai on various

dates. Most of the Demand Drafts issued have since been

recovered. Its detail finds mention in Table No.2 given in the

complaint. 

17. During arguments, specific query was raised and the

learned Senior Counsel for the petitioner was asked as to, to

whom the money deposited in the various accounts belonged.

Learned   Senior   Counsel   for   the   petitioner   was   fair

enough to admit that the whole money belonged to the

petitioner. When enquired as  to  from  which ‘source’,

huge cash was procured, there was no clear response to

it. Again, learned Senior Counsel for the petitioner was

asked as to how the cash belonging to the petitioner

happened to be deposited in various accounts of the

‘Group   of   Companies’   which   were   not   owned   by   the

petitioner   and   what   was   its   purpose.   It   was   further

enquired as to why the Demand Drafts were got issued

in the names of the persons referred above and what

was its specific purpose. Learned Senior Counsel for the

petitioner avoided to answer these queries stating that

the defence of the petitioner could not be disclosed at

this   juncture   to   impact   his   case   during   trial.

Apparently, no plausible explanation has been offered

as   to   what   forced   the   petitioner   to   deposit   the   old

currency to the tune of `31.75 crores in eight accounts

of   the   different   ‘Group   of   Companies’   in   Kotak

Mahindra   Bank   during   the   short   period   from

15.11.2016 to 19.11.2016. There was no explanation

as to why the Demand Drafts for the said amount were

got issued in the name of sham people whose identity

was not known. The purpose of all this exercise seemingly

was to deposit the cash (old currency) first, get the Demand

Drafts   issued   in   fictitious   names   and   obtain   monetized

currency by cancelling them subsequently.  The petitioner

also did not place on record any document whatsoever

to show as to from which legal source, the cash was

procured to deposit in the bank accounts of strangers. I

find   no   substance   in   the   petitioner’s   plea   that

petitioner’s only liability was to pay income tax on the

14

unaccounted money / income.  In my considered view, mere

payment of tax on the unaccounted money from any ‘source’

whatever would not convert it into ‘legal’ money. Needless to

say, huge deposit was a sinister attempt / strategy by the

petitioner and others to convert the ‘old currency’ into new one

to   frustrate   the   Demonetization   Policy   primarily   meant   to

unearth black money. 

18. Allegations   against   the   petitioner   are   not   without

substance. The prosecution has recorded statements of the

petitioner on various dates and that of Dinesh Bhola, Ashish

Kumar (Branch Manager, Kotak Mahindra Bank), Raj Kumar

Goel, Kamal Jain (petitioner’s Chartered Accountant), Vimal

Negi, Jivan Singh and Varun Tandon under Section 50 PMLA

on   various   dates.  There   statements   have   evidentiary

value under Section 50 PMLA. Prima facie, the version

given by them is in consonance with the prosecution

case. The prosecution has further relied upon Call Data

Records, CCTV footage, Account Trend Analysis. ”

(emphasis supplied)

8.The High Court opined that keeping in mind the rigors of

Section 45 of the Act of 2002 for the release of the accused

charged under Part A of the Schedule, on bail, coupled with the

antecedents of the appellant of being involved in other similar

crime registered as FIR No.197/2016, for offence under Section

420, 409, 188, 120B of IPC dated 14

th

  December, 2016 by

Crime Branch and ECIR No.14/DZ/II/2016 registered on 16

th

December, 2016 by Enforcement Directorate for offences under

Sections   3/4   of   the   Act   of   2002.   Further,   during   a   raid

conducted   jointly   by   the   Crime   Branch   and   Income   Tax

15

Department on 10

th

 December, 2016 at around 10.00 P.M. at

the office premises of the appellant, currency of Rs.13.62 Crore

was recovered  including new currency in the denomination of

Rs.2000/­   amounting   to   Rs.2.62   Crore.   In   addition,   the

appellant   had   surrendered   Rs.128   Crore   during   the   raid

conducted by the Income Tax Department on 6/8   October,

2016 in his office and residential premises.   No reliable and

credible documents were  forthcoming from the appellant about

the source from where he had obtained such a huge quantity of

cash.   The   possibility   of   the   same   being   proceeds   of   crime

cannot   be   ruled   out.   Hence,   it   noted   that   the   question   of

granting   bail   did   not   arise,   taking   into   consideration   the

serious   allegations   against   the   appellant   and   other   facts

including   severity   of   the   punishment   prescribed   by   law.

Accordingly, the bail application of the appellant came to be

rejected.  As a consequence, the pending application which was

considered along with the bail application was also disposed of

by the impugned judgment and order dated 5

th

  May, 2017

passed by the High Court.

16

9.We   have   heard   Mr.   Mukul   Rohatgi,   learned   senior

counsel appearing for the appellant and Mr. Tushar Mehta,

learned Additional Solicitor General for the Union of India.

They have also filed written submissions.   

10.Before   we   analyse   the   rival   submissions,   for   the

completion   of   record,     we   must   mention   that   after   the

impugned judgment, the Crime Branch filed the charge­sheet

before the appropriate Court in relation to FIR No.205/2016 on

24

th

  June, 2017. Similarly, the Enforcement Directorate has

filed supplementary complaint  CC No.700/2017 in relation to

ECIR   18/2016,   which   refers   to   further   material   gathered

during   the   investigation,   indicating   the   complicity   of   the

concerned accused in the crime for offence punishable under

Section 3 of the Act of 2002.  A comprehensive supplementary

complaint   has   been   filed   before   the   District   and   Sessions

Judge,   Saket,   New   Delhi   (Designated   Court   under   the

Prevention   of   Money­Laundering   Act,   2002)   on   2

nd

  August,

2017.  

11.Before   this   supplementary   complaint   was   filed,   the

appellant preferred second bail application in the present case

17

before   the   High   Court   of   Delhi   at   New   Delhi,   being   Bail

Application No.1361/2017.  This application was filed on 12

th

July, 2017.  Along with the said bail application the appellant

filed an application being Criminal M.A. No.1293 of 2017 for

directing   his   interim   release   in   connection   with

ECIR/DZ/II/2016   on   the   assertion   that   his   mother   was

seriously ill and required immediate medical attention because

of the injuries suffered by her on 20

th

 June, 2017.  The said

interim release application was allowed on 10

th

 August, 2017.

Notably, the appellant was advised to withdraw the regular

(second) Bail Application No.1361/2017. The learned Single

Judge of the High Court by order dated 10

th

  August, 2017

acceded to the prayer so made by the appellant.   The order

passed by the learned Single Judge of the High Court reads

thus: 

“BAIL APPLN. 1361/2017  

The petitioner has prayed for bail in connection with

ECIR/18/DZII/2016/AD registered under Section 3 & 4 of

Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002. 

Simultaneously an application has been filed seeking

interim  bail   on  the  ground   of  illness  of   the   mother  of   the

petitioner who has recently suffered a fracture in the neck. 

Mr.   Mukul   Rohatgi,   learned   Sr.   Advocate   seeks

permission to withdraw the regular bail application on

18

the   observation   of   the   bench   that   the   earlier   bail

application   was   rejected   only   on   5th   of   May,   2017.

However he presses the interim bail application. 

Accordingly   the   regular   bail   application   is

dismissed as withdrawn.

Crl.M.A.No.1293/2017 (application for interim bail) 

It has been submitted on behalf of the petitioner that he

is the only son of his mother who has suffered a fall and has

got   a   fracture   in   her   neck.   The   sister   of   the   petitioner   is

stationed abroad. The petitioner has a son who is of young

age. The petitioner has also drawn the attention of this Court

to the medical report which indicates that a plaster has been

put on the fracture but she has been suffering from acute

pain. 

It has been further submitted that the charge sheet in

the main case has been submitted and that the petitioner has

remained in jail for more than seven months by now. 

Opposing the aforesaid prayer for grant of interim bail,

Mr. Mahajan, learned Sr. Standing Counsel submits that this

is a case of serious fiscal impropriety of great magnitude and

there is a possibility of the petitioner tampering with evidence

if   he   comes   out   from   the   jail   even   for  a   short   period.  No

definite   reasons,   however,   have   been   assigned   by

Mr.Mahajan, for such a presumption that the petitioner would

tamper with the evidence specially when charge sheet in the

main case has already been submitted. 

Mr.Rohtagi,   learned   senior   counsel   has   drawn   the

attention of this Court to the fact that whenever the petitioner

was summoned to answer to the Queries, he had visited the

office of the ED and in the past, had never tried to evade the

process of investigation. 

Taking into account the aforesaid facts, specially the

period  of  incarceration  of  the  petitioner, submission of  the

charge sheet in the main case and the illness of the mother of

the petitioner, this Court is inclined to grant interim bail to the

petitioner for a period of 3 weeks. 

Let the petitioner be released on interim bail for the

period of 3 weeks, to be counted from the date of his release,

19

on his furnishing a bond in the sum of Rs. 25,000/­ with two

sureties of the like amount to the satisfaction of special court. 

However it is made clear that the petitioner shall not

tamper with the evidence or commit any act which would be

prejudicial to the prosecution side. Should anything of that

kind be reported, this Court would consider the desirability of

withdrawing/cancelling the interim bail. 

The petitioner shall not, unnecessary, seek extension of

the interim bail granted to him. It is also specified that the

petitioner shall not leave the country under any circumstances

whatsoever.   Should   the   petitioner   intend   to   go   out   of   the

territorial   confines   of   NCR   of   Delhi,   permission   would   be

required to be taken from the Special Court. The petitioner

shall also deposit his passport before the Special court while

furnishing his bonds. 

Application is disposed of accordingly.

Dasti.”

(emphasis supplied)

12.It is relevant to note that the aforementioned order for

interim release of the appellant was confirmed by this Court on

12

th

 August, 2017.  

13.The appellant was thereafter advised to file the present

appeals to assail the judgment and order dated 5

th

 May, 2017

passed   by   the   High   Court   of   Delhi   at   New   Delhi   in   Bail

Application No.119 of 2017 and Criminal M.B. No.121 of 2017.

The special leave petitions were filed on 18

th

  August, 2017.

During   the   pendency   of   these   special   leave   petitions,   the

20

appellant was advised to also file a writ petition under Article

32 of the Constitution of India to challenge the validity of the

provisions of the Act of 2002. The same was filed on 23

rd

August, 2017, being Writ Petition (Civil) No.121 of 2017.  The

reliefs claimed in the said writ petition read thus:

“PRAER

(i)Issue a writ of mandamus or any other appropriate

writ,   order   or   direction   declaring   that   the

conditions/limitations contained in Section 45(1) of

Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (Act 15 of

2003) to the extent that it imposes rigors/restrictions

in the grant of bail in any offence punishable upto 7

years under the provisions of Prevention of Money

Laundering   Act,   2002   (Act   15   of   2003)   as

unreasonable, arbitrary and unconstitutional being

violative of the fundamental rights of the Petitioner

guaranteed and protected under Articles 14 and 21

of the Constitution of India;

(ii)In the alternative to prayer (i) above, issue a writ of

mandamus or any other appropriate writ, order or

direction   reading   down   the   scope   and   ambit   of

Section 45(1) of the Prevention of Money Laundering

Act, 2002 (Act 15 of 2003), so that the rigors in grant

of   bail   are   not   applicable   in   the   case   of   the

Petitioner, where the alleged scheduled offences in

CC No. 41 of 2017 arising out of charge­sheet No. 1

dated 24.06.2017 filed by the Crime Branch, New

Delhi alleging commission of offences under Sections

420/188/109/120B/34 IPC and Section 12 of the

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (none of which

were   under   Part   A   of   the   Schedule   prior   to   the

Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Act,

2012 (Act 2 of 2013) and formed part of Part B of

the Schedule;

(iii)Issue a writ of mandamus or any other appropriate

writ,   order   or   direction   declaring   the   continued

incarceration of the Petitioner since 28.12.2016 in

21

ECIR/18/DZ­II/2016/AD   dated  26.12.2016   under

Section 3/4  of the Prevention of Money Laundering

Act, 2002 is illegal, unconstitutional and in violation

of the fundamental right of the Petitioner guaranteed

and protected under Article 21 of the Constitution of

India;

(iv)Issue a writ of mandamus or any other appropriate

writ, order or direction in the nature of mandamus

declaring that the offences under the Prevention of

Money   Laundering   Act,   2002   (Act   15   of   2003)

pursuant   to   the   Prevention   of   Money   Laundering

(Amendment) Act, 2005 (Act 20 of 2005) which came

into   force   w.e.f.   01.07.2005   are   non­cognizable

offences and therefore, it is mandatory to comply

with the provisions of Sections 155, 177(1) and 172

of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and declare

that the law laid down by the Division Bench of the

Hon’ble   Delhi   High   Court   in   its   judgment   dated

27.4.2016 (reported in 2016 SCC Online Delhi 2493)

and by the Hon’ble Gujarat High Court in Rakesh

Manekchand   Kothari   vs.   Union   of   India   [Special

Criminal   Application   (Habeas   Corpus)   No.

4247/2015] decided on 03.08.2015 holding that the

offences under Section 3 of the Prevention of Money

Laudnering Act, 2002 punishable under Section 4

thereof is a non­cognizable offence is good law and

the   contrary   view   taken   by   the   Hon’ble   Bombay

High   Court   in   its   judgment   dated   14.12.2016   in

Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal vs. Union of India &

Ors. is bad in law; 

(v)lay down guidelines for compliance by all Courts for

grant   of   bail   in   proceedings   arising   out   of   and

concerning the Prevention of Money Laundering Act,

2002 by expounding the scope of Section 439 of the

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;

(vi)Issue rule nisi in terms of Prayers (i) to (v) above;

and

(vii)And/or pass any other or further orders which Your

Lordships may deem fit and proper in the interest of

justice. 

14.The aforementioned writ petition was listed together with

the appeals on 30

th

  October, 2017.   During oral arguments,

22

however,   the   counsel   appearing   for   the   appellant,   in   all

fairness, stated that the grounds urged in the said writ petition

need not be considered at this stage and that the appeals

preferred against the impugned judgment and order dated 5

th

May, 2017 be examined on the basis of the prevailing statutory

provisions, including the rigors of Section 45 of the Act of

2002. In other words, the challenge to the impugned judgment

will have to be considered as per the prevailing provisions and

not   with   reference   to   the   challenge   regarding   the   validity

thereof. 

15.  Reverting to the first contention of the appellant, that

the reasons which weighed with the learned Single Judge of the

High Court while directing interim release of the appellant,

would apply  proprio vigore  for considering the regular bail.  In

that, the learned Single Judge vide order dated 10

th

  August,

2017 noted the following circumstances:

i)Petitioner never tried to evade the investigation;

ii)The period of incarceration (7 

½ months);

iii)Submission of charge­sheet in the main case on

24/6/17;

iv)Illness of the mother of the Petitioner;

23

v)No definite reasons assigned by the Counsel for the

Respondent   to   substantiate   allegation   that

Petitioner   would   tamper   with   evidence   especially

when   charge­sheet   in   the   main   case   has   been

submitted.

16.The   argument   though   attractive   at   the   first   blush

deserves to be rejected. In our opinion, the order dated 10

th

August,   2017   passed   by   the   High   Court   directing   interim

release of the appellant was primarily on account of the illness

of his mother. No more and no less. The other observations in

the   said   order   will   have   no   bearing   on   the   merits   of   the

controversy and required to be reckoned whilst considering the

prayer for grant of regular bail.  For that, the appellant must

succeed in overcoming the threshold of the rigors of Section 45

of the Act of 2002. Indubitably, the appellant having withdrawn

the   regular   (second)   bail   application,   the   consideration   of

prayer for grant of interim release could not have been taken

forward. Besides, in the backdrop of the opinion recorded by

the Co­ordinate Bench of the High Court (in its decision dated

5

th

 May, 2017) whilst considering the application for grant of

regular bail, which was after filing of the initial complaint CC

24

No.700/2017   (on   23

rd

  February,   2017),   was   binding   until

reversed or a different view could be taken because of changed

circumstances. Suffice it to observe that indulgence shown to

the appellant in terms of order dated 10

th

 August, 2017 will be

of no avail.  In that, the facts such as the appellant never tried

to evade the investigation or that he has suffered incarceration

for over 7

½ months or that the charge­sheet has been filed in

the predicate offence registered under FIR No.205/2016 or the

factum   of   illness   of   the   mother   of   the   appellant   or   the

observation that no definite reason has been assigned by the

respondents for substantiating the allegation that the appellant

would tamper with the evidence, may become relevant only if

the threshold stipulation envisaged under Section 45 of the Act

of 2002 was to be fulfilled. The said provision reads thus:

“45. Offences to be cognizable and non­bailable. —(1)

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of

Criminal   Procedure,   1973   (2   of   1974),   no   person

accused   of   an   offence   punishable   for   a   term   of

imprisonment of more than three years under Part A

of the Schedule shall be released on bail or on his

own bond unless­ 

(i) the Public Prosecutor has been given an opportunity to

oppose the application for such release; and 

25

(ii) where the Public Prosecutor opposes the application,

the   court   is   satisfied   that   there   are   reasonable

grounds for believing that he is not guilty of such

offence   and   that   he   is   not   likely   to   commit   any

offence while on bail: 

Provided that a person who is under the age of sixteen

years or is a woman or is sick or infirm, may be released

on bail, if the Special Court so directs: 

Provided   further   that   the   Special   Court   shall   not   take

cognizance   of   any   offence   punishable   under   section   4

except upon a complaint in writing made by— 

(i) the Director; or 

(ii)   any   officer   of   the   Central   Government   or   a   State

Government authorised in writing in this behalf by the

Central Government by a general or a special order made

in this behalf by that Government.  

(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of

Criminal   Procedure,   1973   (2   of   1974),   or   any   other

provision of this Act, no police officer shall investigate into

an offence under this Act unless specifically authorised,

by the Central Government by a general or special order,

and, subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.

  (2)  The limitation on granting of bail specified in

sub­section (1) is in addition to the limitations under

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) or

any other law for the time being in force on granting

of bail.”

(emphasis supplied)   

  The sweep of Section 45 of the Act of 2002 is no more res

intergra. In a  recent   decision  of  this  Court  in the  case  of

Gautam   Kundu     Vs.   Directorate   of   Enforcement

(Prevention   of   Money­Laundering   Act),   Government   of

26

India,

1

   this Court has had an occasion to examine it in

paragraphs 28­30.  It will be useful to advert to paragraphs 28

to 30 of this decision which read thus:

“28. Before dealing with the application for bail on merit, it

is to be considered whether the provisions of Section 45 of the

PMLA are binding on the High Court while considering the

application for bail under Section 439 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure. There is no doubt that PMLA deals with the offence

of money laundering and the Parliament has enacted this law

as   per   commitment   of   the   country   to   the   United   Nations

General Assembly. PMLA is a special statute enacted by the

Parliament for dealing with money­laundering. Section 5 of

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 clearly lays down that

the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure will not affect

any   special   statute   or   any   local   law.   In   other  words,  the

provisions of any special statute will prevail over the general

provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure in case of any

conflict. 

29 . Section   45   of   the   PMLA   starts   with   a   non   obstante

clause   which   indicates   that   the   provisions   laid   down   in

Section 45 of  the  PMLA will  have  overriding effect  on the

general provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure in case

of conflict between them. Section 45 of the PMLA imposes

following two conditions for grant of bail to any person

accused   of   an   offence   punishable   for   a   term   of

imprisonment of more than three years under Part­A of

the Schedule of the PMLA: 

(i)That the prosecutor must be given an opportunity

to oppose the application for bail; and 

(ii)That the Court must be satisfied that there are

reasonable   grounds   for   believing   that   the   accused

person is not guilty of such offence and that he is not

likely to commit any offence while on bail. 

30 . The conditions specified under Section 45 of the PMLA

are   mandatory   and   needs   to   be   complied   with   which   is

further strengthened by the provisions of Section 65 and also

1 (2015) 16 SCC 1

27

Section   71   of   the   PMLA.   Section   65   requires   that   the

provisions   of   Cr.P.C.   shall   apply   in   sofaras   they   are   not

inconsistent with the provisions of this Act and Section 71

provides that the provisions of the PMLA shall have overriding

effect   notwithstanding   anything   inconsistent   therewith

contained in any other law for the time being in force. PMLA

has an overriding effect and the provisions of Cr.P.C. would

apply only if they are not inconsistent with the provisions of

this Act. Therefore, the conditions enumerated in Section 45 of

PMLA will have to be complied with even in respect of an

application for bail made under Section 439 of Cr.P.C. That

coupled with the provisions of Section 24 provides that

unless   the   contrary   is   proved,   the   Authority   or   the

Court shall presume that proceeds of crime are involved

in money laundering and the burden to prove that the

proceeds   of   crime   are   not   involved,   lies   on   the

appellant.”

        (emphasis supplied)

17.In paragraph 34, this Court reiterated as follows:   

34.“xxx  xxxxxx    We have noted that Section 45 of the

PMLA will have overriding effect on the general provisions of

the Code of Criminal Procedure in case of conflict between

them. As mentioned earlier, Section 45 of the PMLA imposes

two conditions for grant of bail, specified under the said Act.

We have not missed the proviso to Section 45 of the said Act

which   indicates   that   the   legislature   has   carved   out   an

exception for grant of bail by a Special Court when any person

is under the age of 16 years or is a woman or is a sick or

infirm. Therefore, there is no doubt that the conditions laid

down under Section 45­A of the PMLA, would bind the High

Court as the provisions of special law having overriding effect

on   the   provisions   of   Section   439   of   the   Code   of   Criminal

Procedure   for   grant   of   bail   to   any   person   accused   of

committing offence punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA,

even when the application for bail is considered under Section

439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.”

28

The decisions of this Court in the case of Subrata Chattoraj

Vs. Union of India,

2

  Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy Vs. CBI 

3

, and

Union of India Vs. Hassan Ali Khan 

4

  have been noticed in

the aforesaid decision. 

18.The consistent view taken by this Court is that economic

offences having deep­rooted conspiracies and involving huge

loss of public funds need to be viewed seriously and considered

as grave offences affecting the economy of the country as a

whole and thereby posing serious threat to the financial health

of the country.  Further, when attempt is made to project the

proceeds   of   crime   as   untainted   money   and   also   that   the

allegations may not ultimately be established,  but having been

made,   the   burden   of   proof   that   the   monies   were   not   the

proceeds of crime and were not, therefore, tainted shifts  on the

accused persons under Section 24 of the Act of 2002.

19.It is not necessary to multiply the authorities on the

sweep   of   Section   45   of   the   Act   of   2002   which,   as

aforementioned, is no more  res integra. The decision in the

2 (2014) 8 SCC 768

3 (2013) 7 SCC 439

4 (2011) 10 SCC 235

29

case of  Ranjitsing Brahmajeetsing Sharma Vs. State of

Maharashtra   and   Anr.,

5

  and  State   of   Maharashtra   Vs.

Vishwanath   Maranna   Shetty,

6

  dealt   with   an   analogous

provision in the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act,

1999. It has been expounded that the Court at the stage of

considering the application for grant of bail, shall consider the

question   from   the   angle   as   to   whether   the   accused   was

possessed of the requisite mens rea.  The Court is not required

to record a positive finding that the accused had not committed

an   offence   under   the  Act.   The   Court   ought   to  maintain   a

delicate   balance   between   a   judgment   of   acquittal   and

conviction   and   an   order   granting   bail   much   before

commencement of trial. The duty of the Court at this stage is

not   to   weigh   the   evidence   meticulously   but   to   arrive   at   a

finding on the basis of broad probabilities.  Further, the Court

is required to record a finding as to the possibility of the

accused committing a crime which is an offence under the Act

after grant of bail.   In  Ranjitsing Brahmajeetsing Sharma

5 (2005) 5 SCC 294

6  (2012) 10 SCC 561

30

(supra),  in paragraphs 44 to 46 of the said decision, this Court

observed thus:

“44. The wording of Section 21(4), in our opinion, does not

lead to the conclusion that the Court must arrive at a positive

finding   that   the   applicant   for   bail   has   not   committed   an

offence under the Act. If such a construction is placed, the

court intending to grant bail must arrive at a finding that the

applicant   has   not   committed   such   an   offence.   In   such   an

event, it will be impossible for the prosecution to obtain a

judgment of conviction of the applicant. Such cannot be the

intention   of   the   Legislature.   Section   21(4)   of   MCOCA,

therefore,   must   be   construed   reasonably.   It   must   be   so

construed that the Court is able to maintain a delicate balance

between a judgment of acquittal and conviction and an order

granting bail much before commencement of trial. Similarly,

the   Court   will   be   required   to   record   a   finding   as   to   the

possibility   of   his   committing   a   crime   after   grant   of   bail.

However, such an offence in futuro must be an offence under

the Act and not any other offence. Since it is difficult to predict

the future conduct of an accused, the court must necessarily

consider   this   aspect   of   the   matter   having   regard   to   the

antecedents of the accused, his propensities and the nature

and manner in which he is alleged to have committed the

offence.

45.It   is,   furthermore,   trite   that   for   the   purpose   of

considering an application for grant of bail, although detailed

reasons are not necessary to be assigned, the order granting

bail must demonstrate application of mind at least in serious

cases as to why the applicant has been granted or denied the

privilege of bail.

46.The duty of the court at this stage is not to weigh the

evidence meticulously but to arrive at a finding on the basis of

broad  probabilities. However, while  dealing with a special

statute like MCOCA having regard to the provisions contained

in Sub­section (4) of Section 21 of the Act, the Court may have

to probe into the matter deeper so as to enable it to arrive at a

finding   that   the   materials   collected   against   the   accused

during   the   investigation   may   not   justify   a   judgment   of

conviction. The findings recorded by the Court while granting

31

or refusing bail undoubtedly would be tentative in nature,

which may not have any bearing on the merit of the case and

the trial court would, thus, be free to decide the case on the

basis of evidence adduced at the trial, without in any manner

being prejudiced thereby.”

20.Reverting to the decision in the case of  Manoranjana

Sinh Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation,

7

  we hold that the

same is on the facts of that case.  Even in the said decision,

the Court has noted that the grant or denial of bail is regulated

to a large extent by the facts and circumstances of each case.

In   the   case   of  Sanjay   Chandra   Vs.   Central   Bureau   of

Investigation,

8

   the Court was not called upon to consider the

efficacy of Section 45 of the Act of 2002 which is a special

enactment. 

21.Keeping in mind the dictum in the aforesaid decisions,

we find no difficulty in upholding the opinion recorded by the

Sessions Court as well as the High Court in this regard.  In our

opinion,   both   the   Courts   have   carefully   analysed   the

allegations   and   the   materials   on   record   indicating   the

complicity   of   the   appellant   in   the   commission   of   crime

punishable under Section 3/4  of the Act of 2002. The Courts

7  (2017) 5 SCC 218

8  (2012) 1 SCC 40

32

have maintained the  delicate balance between the judgment of

acquittal   and   conviction   and   order   granting   bail   before

commencement   of   trial.   The   material   on   record   does   not

commend us to take a contrary view.  

22.Realizing this position, the learned counsel appearing for

the appellant would contend that even if the allegations against

the appellant are taken at its face value, the incriminating

material recovered from the appellant or referred to in the

complaint, by no stretch of imagination, would take the colour

of proceeds of crime.   In fact, there is no allegation in the

charge­sheet   filed   in   the   scheduled   offence   case   or   in   the

prosecution complaint that the unaccounted cash deposited

by the appellant is as a result of criminal activity.  Absent this

basic   ingredient,   the   property   derived   or   obtained   by   the

appellant would not become proceeds of crime. To examine this

contention, it would be useful to advert to Sections 3 and 4 of

the Act of 2002.  The same read thus: 

“3. Offence of money­laundering.­  Whosoever directly or

indirectly   attempts   to   indulge   or   knowingly   assists   or

knowingly is a party or is actually involved in any process or

activity connected proceeds of crime including its concealment,

possession, acquisition or use and projecting or claiming  it as

33

untainted   property   shall   be   guilty   of   offence   of   money­

laundering.

4. Punishment for money­laundering.­  Whoever commits

the   offence   of   money­laundering   shall   be   punishable   with

rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than

three years but which may extend to seven years and shall

also be liable to fine.

 Provided that where the proceeds of crime involved in

money­laundering   relates   to   any   offence   specified   under

paragraph 2 of Part A of the Schedule, the provisions of this

section   shall   have   effect   as   if   for   the   words   "which   may

extend to seven years", the words "which may extend to ten

years" had been substituted.”

23.As the fulcrum of Section 3 quoted above, is expression

‘proceeds of crime’, the dictionary clause in the form of Section

2(1)(u) is of some relevance. The same reads thus:    

“2(1)(u) ‘proceeds of crime’ means any property derived or

obtained, directly or indirectly, by any person as a result of

criminal activity relating to a scheduled offence or the value of

any such property or where such property is taken or held

outside the country, then the property equivalent in value held

within the country;”

It   will   be   useful   to   advert   to   the   meaning   of   expression

“property” as predicated in Section 2(1)(v). The same reads

thus:

“2(1)(v)  “property” means any property or assets of every

description,   whether   corporeal   or   incorporeal,   movable   or

immovable,  tangible  or  intangible  and   includes   deeds   and

34

instruments evidencing title to, or interest in, such property or

assets, wherever located;

The expression ‘scheduled offence’ has been defined in Section

2(1)(y) of the Act of 2002. The same reads thus:

“2(1)(y) ‘scheduled offence’  means­

(i)the offences specified under Part A of the Schedule; or 

(ii)the offences specified under Part B of the Schedule if

the total value involved in such offences is  one crore rupees

or more; or

(iii)the offences specified under Part C of the Schedule;”

Indisputably, the predicate offence is included in Part A in

paragraph 1 of the Schedule in the Act of 2002, in particular

Sections   420,   467,   471   and   120B   of   IPC.   Indeed,   the

expression “criminal activity”  has not been defined. By its very

nature the alleged activities of the accused referred to in the

predicate   offence  are  criminal   activities.  The  possession  of

demonetized currency in one sense, ostensibly, may appear to

be only a facet of unaccounted money in reference to the

provisions   of   the   Income   Tax   Act   or   other   taxation   laws.

However, the stated activity allegedly indulged into by the

accused   named   in   the   commission   of   predicate   offence   is

replete with mens rea. In that, the concealment, possession,

35

acquisition or use  of the property by projecting or claiming it

as untainted property and converting the same by bank drafts,

would certainly come within the sweep of criminal activity

relating to a scheduled offence. That would come within the

meaning of Section 3 and punishable under Section 4 of the

Act, being a case of money­laundering. The expression ‘money­

laundering’  is defined thus:

“2(1)(p) “money­laundering” has the meaning assigned to it

in section 3;

24.The appellant then relies upon the decision in the case of

Gorav   Kathuria   Vs.   Union   of   India,

9

  of   the   Punjab   and

Haryana High Court which has taken the view that Section

45(1) of the Act of 2002 requires to be read down to apply only

to those scheduled offences which were included prior to the

amendment in 2013 in the Schedule. It is contended that the

offence, in particular, under Sections 420, 467 and 471 of IPC,

may not be treated as having been included in the scheduled

offences for the purpose of the Act of 2002.   Further, if any

other view was to be taken, the provision would be rendered

ultra vires. We are in agreement with the stand taken by the

9 (2016 SCC Online P & H 3428

36

respondents that the appellant cannot be permitted to raise the

grounds urged in the writ petition, hearing whereof has been

deferred on the request of the appellant.  In other words, the

appellant should be in a position to persuade the Court that

the allegations in the complaint and the materials on record

taken at its face value do not constitute the offence under

Section 3 read with the schedule of the Act of 2002 as in force.

25.It has been brought to our notice that the decision in

Gorav Kathuria (supra) was challenged before this Court by

way of Criminal Appeal No.737 of 2016, which has already

been dismissed on 12

th

  August, 2016.   The order originally

passed on the said criminal appeal reads thus: 

“Though the High Court has granted certificate to appeal,

after arguing the matter for some time, learned counsel for the

petitioner concedes that the impugned judgment of the High

Court is correct. 

This appeal is, accordingly, dismissed.”

However,   that   order   has   been   subsequently   revised   which

reads thus:

“Though the High Court has granted certificate to appeal,

we have heard the learned counsel for some time and are of

the opinion that the impugned judgment of the High Court is

correct.

37

 This appeal is, accordingly, dismissed.”

At the same time the respondents have drawn our attention to

a chart contained in their written submissions   pointing out

that   other   High   Courts   have   disagreed   with   the   principle

expounded in  Gorav Kathuria’s  case. The said chart reads

thus:   

(i)Crl. Misc. Application (for Regular Bail) 

No.7970/17

Jignesh Kishorebhai Bajiawala vs. State

of Gujarat & Ors.

Manu/GJ/1035/2017

High Court of 

Gujarat

(ii)Crl. Petition No.366/2017

SC Jayachandra vs Enforcement 

Directorate, Bangalore

2017 (349) ELT 392 KAR

High Court of 

Karnataka at 

Bengaluru

(iii) WP[Crl.] No.333 of 2015

Kishin S. Loungani vs. UOI & ors.

(2017) 1 KHC 355

High Court of 

Kerala at 

Ernakulam

(iv)Crl. Mic. Application (for Regular Bail) 

No.30674/16

Pradeep Nirankarnath Sharma vs 

Directorate of Enforcement

2017 (350) ELT 449 (GUJ)

High Court 

Gujarat at 

Ahmedabad

(v) Crl. Writ Petition No.3931/2016

Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal vs Union 

of India & Ors.

2016 SCC Online Bom 9983

High Court  of 

Bombay

38

26.For the time being,  it is not necessary for us to examine

the issues arising from the decision of the Punjab and Haryana

High Court or the rejection of criminal appeal by this Court

against that decision. The constitutional validity of Section 45

of the Act of 2002  will have to be examined by this Court in

the writ petition on its own merits. The summary dismissal of

criminal appeal will not come in the way of considering the

correctness of the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High

Court in view of the conflict of opinion with the other High

Courts.

27.Suffice it to observe that the appellant has not succeeded

in persuading us about the inapplicability of the threshold

stipulation under Section 45 of the Act.   In the facts of the

present case, we are in agreement with the view taken by the

Sessions Court and by the High Court. We have independently

examined the materials relied upon by the prosecution and

also   noted     the   inexplicable   silence   or   reluctance   of   the

appellant in disclosing the source from where such huge value

of   demonetized   currency   and   also   new   currency   has   been

acquired by him.  The prosecution is relying on statements of

39

26 witnesses/accused already recorded, out of which 7 were

considered by the Delhi High Court.   These statements are

admissible in evidence, in view of Section 50 of the Act of 2002.

The same makes out a formidable case about the involvement

of the appellant in commission of a serious offence of money­

laundering.   It   is,   therefore,   not   possible   for   us   to   record

satisfaction that there are reasonable grounds for believing that

the appellant is not guilty of such offence.  Further, the Courts

below have justly adverted to the antecedents of the appellant

for considering the prayer for bail and concluded that it is not

possible to hold that the appellant is not likely to commit any

offence ascribable to the Act of 2002 while on bail. Since the

threshold stipulation predicated in Section 45 has not been

overcome,  the   question of  considering  the  efficacy  of  other

points urged by the appellant to persuade the Court to favour

the appellant with the relief of regular bail will be of no avail. In

other words, the fact that the investigation in the predicate

offence instituted in terms of FIR No.205/2016   or that the

investigation   qua   the   appellant   in   the   complaint   CC

No.700/2017 is completed; and that the proceeds of crime is

already   in   possession   of   the   investigating   agency   and

40

provisional attachment order in relation thereto passed on 13

th

February, 2017 has been confirmed; or that charge­sheet has

been filed in FIR No.205/2016 against the appellant without

his   arrest;   that   the   appellant   has   been   lodged   in   judicial

custody since 2

nd

 January, 2017 and has not been interrogated

or   examined   by   the   Enforcement   Directorate   thereafter;   all

these will be of no consequence. 

28.It   was   urged   on   behalf   of   the   appellant   that

Demonetization Notification dated 8

th

 November, 2016 imposes

no limit in KYC compliant  accounts on the quantum of deposit

and no restrictions on non­cash transactions.   The relevant

portion of the said notification reads thus:   

“(iii) there shall not be any limit on the quantity or value of

specified bank notes to be credited to the account maintained

with the bank by a person, where the specified bank notes

are tendered; however, where compliance with extant Know

Your Customer (KYC) norms is not complete in an account, the

maximum value of specified bank notes as may be deposited

shall be Rs. 50,000/­;

(vii) there shall be no restriction on the use of any non­cash

method   of   operating   the   account   of   a   person   including

cheques, demand drafts, credit or debit cards, mobile wallets

and electronic fund transfer mechanisms or the like;” 

41

We   fail   to   understand   as   to   how   this   argument   can   be

countenanced.  The fact that no limit for deposit was specified,

would not extricate the appellant from explaining the source

from where such huge amount has been acquired, possessed

or used by him. The volume of demonetized currency recovered

from   the   office   and   residential   premises   of   the   appellant,

including the bank drafts in favour of fictitious persons and

also the new currency notes for huge amount, leave no manner

of doubt that it was the outcome of some process or activity

connected with the proceeds of crime projecting the property as

untainted property. No explanation has been offered by the

appellant to dispel the legal presumption of the property being

proceeds of crime.   Similarly, the fact that the appellant has

made declaration in the Income Tax Returns and paid tax as

per law does not extricate the appellant from disclosing the

source of its receipt. No provision in the taxation laws has been

brought   to     our     notice     which   grants     immunity   to   the

appellant from prosecution for an offence of money­laundering.

In   other   words,   the   property   derived   or   obtained   by   the

appellant   was   the   result   of   criminal   activity   relating   to   a

scheduled offence. The argument of the appellant that there is

42

no allegation in the charge­sheet filed in the scheduled offence

case or in the prosecution complaint that the unaccounted

cash   deposited   by   the   appellant   is   the   result   of   criminal

activity, will not come to the aid of the appellant. That will have

to be negatived in light of the materials already on record.  The

possession of such huge quantum of demonetized currency

and new currency in the form of Rs.2000/­ notes, without

disclosing   the   source   from   where   it     is   received   and   the

purpose for which it is received, the appellant   has failed to

dispel the legal presumption that he was involved in money­

laundering and the property was proceeds of crime. 

29.Taking overall view of the matter, therefore, we are not

inclined to interfere with the well considered opinion of the

Sessions Court and the High Court rejecting the prayer for

grant of regular bail to the appellant.  However, considering the

fact that the appellant is in custody since 28

th

 December, 2016

and the offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term

extending to seven years only, but not less than three years,

the Trial Court will be well advised to proceed with the trial on

day­to­day basis expeditiously. We clarify that the Trial Court

43

must  examine the evidence/material brought on record during

the   trial   on   its   own   merit   and   not   be   influenced   by   the

observations in this decision which are limited for considering

the prayer for grant of regular bail. 

30.Accordingly,   the   appeals   are   dismissed   in   the   above

terms.    

…………………………….CJI.

          (Dipak Misra)

…………………………..….J.

         (A.M. Khanwilkar)

…………………………..….J.

       (D.Y. Chandrachud)

New Delhi,

Dated: 10

th

 November, 2017. 

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