2026 INSC 945 1

Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 4158 OF 2026

(@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL) NO. 3710 OF 2026)

SAHAB SINGH ALIAS SAT PAL .…. PETITIONER(S)

VERSUS

STATE OF HARYAN A ..…RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

SANJEEV SACHDEVA , J.

1. Appellant, Sahab Singh @ Satpal, impugns Judgment dated

18.10.2022, passed by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh

in CRA-D-566-DB-2010 (O&M), whereby the appeal preferred by the

Appellant against the judgment of conviction dated 24.04.2010 and order on

sentence dated 26.04.2010 passed by session judge Ambala in case No. 11 of

2007 has been dismissed. The Trial Court in the said case arising out of First

2

Information Report

1

No. 70 of 2007, Police Station Baldev Nagar, District

Ambala dated 12.03.2007, held the Appellant guilty of the offences

punishable under Sections 302, 201 and 377 of the Indian Penal Code

2

and

sentenced the Appellant to undergo imprisonment for Life for the offence

under section 302 IPC and to pay fine of Rs. 30,000/- and in default to undergo

Rigorous Imprisonment

3

for a period of 3 years; 5 years for the offence under

section 201 IPC and to pay fine of Rs. 10,000/- and in default to undergo RI

for a period of 1 year and 10 years for the offence under section 377 IPC and

to pay fine of Rs. 20,000/- and in default to undergo RI for a period of 2 years.

All the substantive sentences to run concurrently. Appellant has already

served over 16 years and 7 months of incarceration.

2. There is no direct evidence of the offence and the entire case against

the appellant was based on circumstantial evidence and the theory of ‘last seen

together’. The case of the prosecution is that the Appellant was last seen with

the deceased. It is their case that when the appellant bought a packet of

Namkeen and two tablets for cold from a shop, the deceased was seen with

1

‘FIR’ for short

2

‘IPC’ for short

3

‘RI’ for short

3

him. He thereafter gave a tablet for cold to the deceased and gave him some

namkeen and then committed unnatural sexual assault and then smothered

him to death and threw him in a well. Thereafter, two days later he is alleged

to have gone to the village Sarpanch and made an extra judicial confession

and narrated the entire incident and admitted his guilt. The sarpanch then took

him to the police station. The appellant is alleged to have then identified the

spot of the incident and certain recoveries were made on account of the

disclosure statement of the appellant.

3. As per the FIR (Exhibit PH), on 12.03.2007, when Sub Inspector

Surinder Singh was on patrol duty at Geeta Nagri he received a telephonic

message that a dead body of a child was lying in a well at village Kakru. He

immediately reached the spot and recorded the statement of Balbir Singh

(father of the child) who stated that he has two sons and one daughter. On

11.03.2007 at about 08.00 pm, his son aged 06 years went to attend the

marriage at the house of Amar Nath. At about 10.00 pm when he returned and

enquired about his son Gaurav from his wife, she informed him that he had

not returned. During night, he searched for his son here and there, but did not

find him. In the morning, he was told that slipper of Gaurav was lying in the

verandah of post office. He immediately went to that place along with his

4

brother Surmukh Singh due to suspicion. They went near the place and found

that dead body of a child was lying in the well, whose one hand and leg were

visible. The dead body was taken out. It was found to be of his son Gaurav.

4. Sub Inspector Surinder Singh sent the endorsement to the Police

Station, on the basis of which subject FIR was registered on 12.03.2007.

Inquest report was prepared and the body was sent for post mortem. Dr

Rajinder Rai, PW 02, issued post mortem report opining the cause of death to

be asphyxia as a result of smothering and cervical spinal injury.

5. As per the prosecution, since there were injuries to the anus and anal,

samples were taken. Vide possession memos Ex. P5 and Ex. P6, the slippers(sic)

of the deceased; vide Ex. P7, the pant of Coca-Cola colour of the deceased, and

vide Ex. PR, a packet of namkeen, were taken into possession from the spot.

6. Subject FIR was registered on the statement of Balbir Singh, father of the

deceased, who stated as under:

“Statement of Balbir Singh s/o Mehar Singh caste Saini, r/o Village

Kakru P.S.Baldev Nagar, Distt. Ambala aged 38 years. It is stated that

I am resident of above cited address and do labour work. I have two

sons and a daughter. That my son Gaurav aged about 6 years went in

the marriage alongwith other children yesterday, on dated 11.3.2007

5

in the night at about 8.00 P.M in our village at house of Amar Nath.

That at about 10.00 in the night I on return on my house asked my

wife about non returning of Gaurav at home. That I was searching my

child here and there for whole night. That, today in the morning some

children of the village told me that slippers of Gaurav are lying in the

varandah of post office of the village. Then I alongwith my brother

Surmukh Singh reached near the post office and on suspicion, I saw

in old well behind the post office that a dead body whose one hand

and a leg were appearing. When we took out the dead body with the

help of villagers then it was found to be dead body of my son Gaurav.

That I am fully confident that my son Gaurav has been killed by some

unknown person by throwing him in the well.”

7. The FIR was registered on 12.03.2007 at 04.00 PM. Pursuant to the FIR

Form No. 25.35(1)B was prepared by ASI Surinder Singh, In-charge Police

Station Baldev Nagar, wherein he recorded the apparent cause of death as

“drowning in the well”. It was recorded that he, along with the police party,

reached the spot, wherein the dead body of the child was lying in the well, hands

and legs of the child were appearing above the surface. He brought out the dead

body of the child with the help of the villagers. Thereafter, he recorded that

photographs were taken and he started to inspect the dead body. Private

photographer were called to the spot and directed to shoot the photographs at

the place of occurrence.

6

8. As per the affidavit of Head Constable Suresh Kumar (PW5), the case

property was deposited with him in the Malkhana on 12.03.2007 by SHO Om

Prakash (PW17). The case property consisted of one open packet of Namkeen

on which it was mentioned “Ram Dev Bikaner renowned Bhujia”, one packet

of pair of chappal of light sky colour of Gaurav. On 14.03.2007, a parcel of pant

of grey colour and underwear of sky colour was deposited by SHO Om Prakash

(PW17).

9. Ex. P1 to P4 are the photographs of the spot, which include a photograph

of the pant of the deceased recovered from the spot. Ex. PR is the recovery

memo dated 12.03.2007 which shows the recovery of one pair of chappal

rubber, one packet of namkeen made Ram Dev, one pant of terrycot of coca cola

colour. Ex. PN, is the recovery memo of parcels at the malkhana dated

12.03.2007 which reads as under:

“State: Vs. Sahab Singh @ Sat Pal

FIR No. 70 of 12.3.2007

Under Sections 302/377 IPC

Police Station Baldev Nagar.

Translation of Ex. PN

Through : Shri Balbir Singh s/o Mehar Singh caste Saini r/o Kakru,

Ambala.

FIR No.70 dated 12.3.07 Vs. U/S 302 IPC P.S.Baldev Nagar

Ambala.

7

Vs. --- --- ---

Recovery memo of parcels.

In the presence following witnesses Sh.Surinder Singh Incharge,

PP Baldev Nagar, District Ambala had produced the following parcels

before me, Inspector/SHO. All the parcels have been taken into

possession of the police vide recovery memo as a proof and signatures of

witnesses have been obtained.

1. One parcel of pair of chappal rubber sealed with the seal of ‘SS’.

2. One parcel of pant terrykot of coca cola colour sealed with the

seal of 'SS'.

3. One parcel of vial of glass duly sealed with seal of 'CS’.

4. Sample seal with three seals of ‘SS’.

5. One sample seal of 'CS’.

6. One parcel of 'namkeen' sealed with seal of 'SS'.

Witness : Vinod Kumar ASI Sd/-in English

P.S Baldev Nagar SHO,

Sd/-in English P.S. Baldev Nagar

Dt.12.3.07

Witness : HC Tehal Singh No.515

P.S. Baldev Nagar

Sd/-in English”

10. Ex. PS are the marginal notes to the site plan on the spot prepared on

12.03.2007 which read as under:

“State Vs. Sahab Singh @ Sat Pal

FIR No. 70 of 12.3.2007

Under Sections 302/377 IPC

Police Station Baldev Nagar.

Translation of Ex. PS

Marginal notes: - In the site plan Mark-A is the place where in the

8

well of the village dead body of deceased Gaurav is lying.

2. In the site plan Mark-B is the place where dead body Gaurav

has been kept after taking it out of the well.

3. In the site plan Mark-C in the place where pant of deceased

Gaurav was found lying.

4. In the site plan Mark-D in the place where the chappal of

deceased Gaurav was found lying.

5. In the site plan Mark-E in the place where packet of ‘namkeen’'

were found lying which contained some namkeen on which

Ramdev is mentioned. The site plan has been prepared without

scale.

Sd/-in Hindi

Surinder Singh ASI

I/C PP Baldev Nagar

P.S.Baldev Nagar

dt.12.3.07”

11. On 14.03.2007, the accused was produced before Inspector Om Parkash,

SHO, Police Station Baldev Nagar (PW17), by Shri Shiv Chand, Sarpanch of

Village Kakru (PW9). According to Shri Shiv Chand (PW9), the accused made

an extra-judicial confession admitting to having committed the offence. The

accused is thereafter alleged to have made a disclosure statement.

12. Ex. PT is the alleged disclosure statement of the accused, recorded on

14.03.2007, which read as under :

“State Vs. Sahab Singh @ Sat Pal

9

FIR No. 70 of 12.3.2007

Under Sections 302/377 IPC

Police Station Baldev Nagar.

Translation of Ex.PT

P.S.Baldev Nagar District Ambala

State through Balbir Singh s/o Mehar Singh, caste Saini, r/o Kakru,

FIR No. 70 of 12.3.2007 U/S 302,377,201IPC P.S Baldev Nagar.

Disclosure statement of accused.

In the presence following witnesses accused Sahab Singh @

Sat Pal s/o Balbir Singh @ Billu r/o Kakru aforesaid have been his

disclosure statement himself in the police custody “that on 11.3.07 in

our village there was marriage of the son of Amar Nath in which my

younger brother Satbir Singh had also gone. On asking of my mother

I had gone to call for my brother. In the street of the house of Amar

Nath a small child namely Gaurav s/o Balbir Singh caste Saini of the

village was weeping. I asked him as to why he has been weeping and

you may come with me and I will provide you something from the

shop. On this Gaurav started with me after holding my finger. I made

child Gaurav standing on a side of the Karyana Shop of Goldi which

falls in the way and purchase one packet of ‘namkeen' and two tablets

of cold (Jukam) and one polytheen envelop. I took the child with me

in the verandah of post office near the temple in the darken position

and there I provided him to eat the namkeen and put the tablet of cold

in the mouth of Gaurav and provided him water to drink and then I

also provided him to eat some more namkeen and I took Gaurav

behind the post office in old dispensary which is a deserted place. I

removed the pant of Gaurav and started doing unnatural sexual act

10

with him and Gaurav started weeping due to pain. Then I smothered

the mouth and nose of Gaurav and continued doing unnatural sexual

act with him. Gaurav became unconscious. Due to fear that Gaurav

may not tell at his house I done him to death by smothering his mouth

and nose. Thereafter, I lifted Gaurav and thrown him in a nearby old

well. Where I provided namkeen to eat and committed unnatural

sexual act with Gaurav and where I thrown Gaurav in the well those

places I can get that place demarcated”. On this the disclosure

statement of accused was reduced into writing and accused put his

thumb impression on the same and the signatures of the witnesses

obtained.

Sahab Singh@ Satpal

Accused

LTI Accused

Witness:- ASI Surinder Singh

I/C PP Baldev Nagar

Sd/-in Hindi

Sd/-in Hindi

Witness:- Sanjay Kumar No.224

Office Incharge

P.S.Baldev Nagar P.S. Baldev

Nagar

Sd/-in Hindi dt. 14.3.07”

13. Ex. PU is the alleged demarcation memo place of occurrence,

which read as under:

“State Vs. Sahab Singh @ Sat Pal

FIR No, 70 of 12.3.2007

Under Sections 302/377 IPC

Police Station Baldev Nagar

Translation of Ex.PU.

11

P.S.Baldev Nagar District Ambala

State through Balbir Singh s/o Mehar Singh, caste Saini, r/o Kakru,

FIR No. 70 of 12.3.2007 U/S 302,377,201 IPC, P.S Baldev Nagar.

Versus Sahab Singh @ Satpal s/o Balbir Singh @ Billu caste

Jat r/o Kakru P.S.Baldev Nagar Distt. Ambala.

Demarcation memo of place of occurrence.

In the presence of following witnesses aforesaid accused

Sahab Singh @ Satpal in police custody led in Village accused to the

to the verandah of the post office situated near Sanatan Dharam

Mandir and demarcated the place where accused Sahab Singh

provided to eat ‘namkeen' and tablet of cold to child Gaurav of

11.3.2007 in the night. Thereafter, after going behind the same post

office to the room of old dispensary he demarcated the place where

accused had committed unnatural sexual act after removing the pant

of Gaurav and killed him by smothering his mouth and nose with his

hands. Thereafter, he demarcated the place where he threw the dead

body of Gaurav, by going in front of old dispensary near the old well.

On this, demarcation memos were prepared and signature of the

witnesses obtained on the memos.

Witness:- HC Tehal Singh No.515

P.S.Baldev Nagar

Sd/- in English Sd/- in English

I/C P.S. Baldev Nagar

Dt.14.3.07

Witness: Garib Dass s/o Mehar Singh

r/o Kakru

Sd/-in English”

12

14. The accused was charge-sheeted for the offences punishable under Section

201, 302 and 377 of the IPC. The Trial Court, vide judgment dated 21.04.2010,

held the appellant guilty of the said charges and by order dated 26.04.2010,

sentenced him to undergo RI for a period of 5 years and to pay a fine of Rs.

10,000/- for the offence punishable under Section 201 IPC; imprisonment for life

and to pay a fine of Rs. 30,000/- for the offence punishable under Section 302

IPC; and RI for 10 years and to pay a fine of Rs. 20,000/- for the offence

punishable under Section 377 IPC.

15. The Trial Court in its judgment noted the point for determination as

under :

1. Corroboration of oral evidence by medical evidence.

2. Extra judicial confession.

3. Delay in lodging FIR.

4. Discrepancies.

16. With regard to Point No. 1, i.e., Corroboration of oral evidence by medical

evidence, the Trial Court with regard to the contention of the defense counsel that

there was no injury on the male organ of the accused, noticed the cross-

examination of Dr. Rajinder Rai (PW2), who stated that, in such like cases, there

must have been blood and injury on the male organ and that, had there been carnal

13

intercourse, there must have been an injury on the private parts of the accused.

This contention was negated by the Trial Court, relying upon the testimony of

PW1, Dr. Virender Bharti, who opined that it was not necessary for a person who

commits an assault to suffer an injury. The Trial Court further opined that the

injury might have healed by the time the accused was arrested.

17. The Trial Court further relied upon the FSL Report, (Ex. PF), which

reported that Semen was detected on the underwear of the accused and he had

failed to explain as to how semen had appeared on his underwear. The Trial Court

was of the view that, since the accused was unmarried person, the presence of

semen on his underwear corroborated the prosecution story.

18. With regard to Point No. 2, i.e., Extra judicial confession alleged to have

been made by the appellant to PW9, Shri Shiv Chand, the Sarpanch. The Trial

Court observed that PW9, in his cross-examination, had stated that he had a

friendly relationship with the police, being the Sarpanch of the Village. The Trial

Court observed that this relationship had developed over time and had resulted in

increased intimacy with the police and as the accused had committed a heinous

crime with a minor boy, he might have thought to take shelter with the Sarpanch

to escape from the wrath of not only the public but also the police. The Trial Court

14

opined that, as the Sarpanch had no enmity with the accused or any close

relationship with the victim, he was the most neutral person in the case.

19. With regard to Point no. 3, i.e., delay in lodging the FIR, it may be noticed

that the incident took place on 11.03.2007 at about 8.00 P.M. The body was

discovered at 1.30 P.M. in the morning on 12.03.2007 and the FIR was registered

at 4.00 P.M. on 12.03.2007 (as noticed in Ex. PE). The Trial Court has negated

the argument of delay in registering the FIR that the complainant must have been

shocked after seeing the dead body of his son, and it is not possible to just start

narrating the incident there and then. As one takes a little bit of time to reconcile

to narrate the incident, the delay in registering the FIR was not sufficient to

disbelieve the prosecution’s story.

20. With regard to Point No. 4, i.e., Discrepancies in the prosecution’s theory,

the Trial Court noticed the contention of the defense that PW7, Inderjit Singh, the

owner of the Karyana shop from whom the packet of Namkeen and two tablets

for treatment of cold were allegedly purchased, had stated that the accused was

brought to his shop by the police on 12.03.2007 whereas, he had made the extra

judicial confession only on 14.03.2007. Further, PW8, Pawan Kumar, stated that

when the accused purchased a Namkeen, one child was with him. The Trial Court

15

negated the contention of the defense that when PW8, came to know about the

incident on 12.03.2007, he did not inform the police about the same. The Trial

Court opined that PW8, might have kept mum till the police came to him so that

he may not be entangled in any manner. The Trial Court has noticed that both

PW7 and PW8 stated that the accused was produced before them on 12.03.2007

whereas he made the extra judicial confession and was produced before the police

by the Sarpanch only on 14.03.2007. The Trial Court negated this contradiction

by holding that “if a witness is telling lie on particular facts, it does not mean that

his statement is also false qua other facts”. The Trial Court has further held that

“it is also common knowledge that human memory fades with passage of time

and it is not possible to remember all the facts in the same sequence. Even

otherwise, to err is human. Minor errors can not be given weightage while

deciding such like cases.” The Trial Court has further held “proof beyond

reasonable doubt is a guide-line and not a fetish, and guilty person can not get

away with it because truth suffers from some infirmities when projected through

human processes.” The Trial Court has, thus, held that the prosecution has

succeeded to prove that accused took Gourav to the abandoned dispensary and

committed wrong act with him and as he was scared that Gaurav may not tell this

incident to villagers, he committed his murder. In these circumstances, the Trial

16

Court held the appellant guilty of the offences charged with.

21. The High Court, by the impugned order, dismissed the appeal relying on

the theory of last seen. The High Court analyzed the deposition of PW7, Inderjit

Singh, the owner of the Karyana shop; PW8, Pawan Kumar, the alleged chance

witness in the shop and PW9, Shiv Chand, the Sarpanch, before whom the alleged

extra judicial confession was made.

22. With regard to PW7, the High Court has noticed that he deposed that

accused visited his shop and purchased a packet of namkeen and two tablets for

treatment of cold and thereafter the accused left his shop. Analyzing the

deposition of PW7, the High Court has held that the prosecution story was that in

the immediate proximity of time, when the body of the deceased was found inside

the well, the accused was last seen in the company of the deceased. However, as

per the High Court “insightful reading of the testimony, omitted to unravel, the

incriminatory factum that at the relevant time deceased was accompanying the

accused”. The High Court came to the conclusion that, based on the testimony of

PW7, “the prosecution could not rest its theory of the accused and the deceased

were seen together, more particularly in proximity of the time the body of

deceased was discovered in the well and no firm conclusion could be drawn that

17

on its basis, and no valid inculpation could be drawn against the accused.”

23. The High Court further analyzed the statement of PW8, who stated that the

accused was accompanied by the child. The High Court noticed the suggestion

given in the cross examination to the witnesses. The High Court held that,

irrespective of both PW7 and PW8, having failed in their respective examination-

in-chief, to state about the deceased accompanying the accused or being last seen

together, the suggestion given by the counsel for the accused in his cross-

examination, that the deceased was accompanied by the accused led to an

inference that both the deceased and accused accompanied were last seen

together, which clinched the guilt of the accused.

24. The High Court further relied upon the extra judicial confession allegedly

made by the accused to Shiv Chand, the Sarpanch (PW9). The High Court has

opined that there was no suggestion to the said witness during his cross-

examination that there was any animosity or inimicality between the said witness

and the accused, nor was he a close confidante of the accused or could be ever led

to confess his guilt before him which, in the opinion of the High Court, led to the

conclusion that not only the accused visited the house of (PW9), but also he made

a credible incriminatory extra judicial confession before him.

18

25. The High Court has further relied upon the disclosure statement and

recovery of the body of the deceased. The High Court held that “pursuant to the

disclosure made by the accused about throwing the body of the deceased into a

well, did also lead to a body of the deceased being recovered therefrom. The High

Court held that accused by the disclosure statement “has caused the recovery of

the body of the deceased from the well, where into it had thrown the same, at the

instance of the accused,” which remained unproven to be either a false or a tainted

recovery, and this was held to be an incriminatory link in the chain of

circumstances.

26. Further, the High Court has noticed the forensic report, which opined that

human semen was detected on the underwear of the accused and on the rectal

swab taken from the deceased. The High Court held that though there was no firm

conclusively to both, however, the defense did not choose to cross-examine the

author of the forensic report to suggest that the semen as found on the relevant

items did not belong to the accused. In these circumstances, the High Court

dismissed the appeal of the appellant.

27. As noticed hereinabove, the entire case of the prosecution is based on

circumstantial evidence and the theory of last seen. We are of the considered

19

opinion that prosecution had failed to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt. It

has failed to prove the guilt of the accused/appellant. There are several missing

links in the chain of events.

28. The deceased went missing on 11.03.2007, and the dead body was

discovered on 12.03.2007 in the morning. Police was informed and the dead body

was taken out of the well.

29. As per the prosecution, slippers of the deceased, pant of coca cola colour

were seized on 12.03.2007, along with an open packet of namkeen, which was

also seized from the site. It has come in the evidence of Inderjit Singh PW7 that

the Namkeen was a generic brand and he had sold thousands of packets of

namkeen and such like packets of namkeen were sold by other shops in the

village.

30. There does not appear to be any reasonable explanation as to why the

packet of namkeen which was allegedly found at the site was also seized. Since

such packets were sold on daily basis what was so suspicious about an open

packet of namkeen for the police to seize it. The seizure was made on 12.03.2007,

when the story of alleged purchase of a packet of namkeen by the appellant

emerged only on 14.03.2007, when he allegedly made the confessional statement.

20

31. The seizure of open packet of namkeen appears to be to create a link and

to corroborate the theory of last seen. There is no reasonable explanation as to

why the accused made an extra judicial confession to (PW9), Shiv Chand, the

Sarpanch. The Trial Court has held, that the Sarpanch had intimacy with the

police, and that is why the accused went to the Sarpanch and made the confession.

Merely, because the accused did not have any connection with the Sarpanch, the

Trial Court has held that the story of extra judicial confession appears to be true.

32. The logic of the trail court does not appeal to us. There is a possibility that

the Sarpanch may not be deposing truthfully and there could be several reasons

for the same. It could be because the Sarpanch wanted to protect someone or

wanted to help the police in showing that the crime had been solved. A child from

the village lost his life and had been subjected to brutal treatment before his death

and it is natural for the villagers to be highly agitated. With a view to pacify the

villagers, it is possible that the police came up with a story that the case had been

solved and the culprit caught. The accused, on the other hand, was a poor labourer

and may not have the sympathy of the villagers.

33. PW7, in his deposition, had stated that the accused was brought to his shop

by the police on 12.03.2007, whereas the story of the prosecution is that the

21

accused allegedly confessed to his crime on 14.03.2007. The Trial Court has

merely brushed aside this major discrepancy by stating that even if a part of the

testimony may be false, the other could not be disregarded. The Trial Court has

overlooked the fact that this is a very crucial link in the entire prosecution case

which is based on last seen together theory. If the very factum that the accused

made a confession on 14.03.2007 is disregarded, then, the entire prosecution case

fails. If the accused was brought by the police to the shop of PW7 on 12.03.2007,

if belies, the entire extra judicial confession allegedly made on 14.03.2007.

34. PW7 does not in his testimony state that there was any child with the

accused. PW7 deposed that he sold several packets of namkeen in a day, so there

is no explanation as to why PW7 singled out the accused as the one who bought

the packet of namkeen from him. He also stated that the accused had brought two

tablets of cold from him. It is the prosecution case that a tablet for cold was given

to the deceased by the accused. However, it is not the prosecution case that any

empty wrapper of the tablet for cold was also allegedly recovered from the spot

so as to connect the same and the packet of namkeen to the accused. There is no

such evidence to link the packet of namkeen allegedly recovered from the spot

with the packet of namkeen allegedly bought by the accused from the shop of the

PW7.

22

35. In the examination-in-chief of PW8 Pawan Kumar, there is no statement

by him that the accused was accompanied by any child. However, in the cross-

examination, he deposed that there was a child with the accused at that time and

his name was Gaurav. Further, it may be noticed that in the statement given by

him to the police on 14.03.2007 (Ex. DA), there was no mentioned by him of any

child accompanying the accused. Clearly, there seems to be an improvement in

the statement to help the case of prosecution. As noticed hereinabove, there are

several missing links in the case of the prosecution.

36. The theory of the prosecution that the accused and the deceased were last

seen together is clearly not borne out from the testimony of the witnesses. The

factum of child accompanying the accused at the relevant point of time is also not

established by conclusive evidence. Even the High Court has opined that the “the

prosecution could not rest its theory of the accused and the deceased were seen

together, more particularly in proximity of the time the body of deceased was

discovered in the well and no firm conclusion could be drawn that on its basis,

and no valid inculpation could be drawn against the accused.”

37. Another important fact is that the FIR was registered at 4.00 P.M. and the

dead body was allegedly discovered at 1.30PM. Whereas, PW8, Pawan Kumar,

23

in his statement, stated that about 12.00 noon his statement was recorded by the

police on 12.03.2007. PW10 Balbir Singh, father of the victim, in his statement

deposed that the police reached the village at 12.00 noon and remained in the

temple till 3.00 pm and the Sarpanch was also present there.

38. The prosecution has placed strong reliance on the alleged disclosure

statement (Ex. PT). It may be noticed that there is no discovery of a fact or

recovery of any incriminating article made pursuant to the alleged disclosure

statement. The alleged identification of the spot of the incident is merely an

identification of an area which was already known to the police, of which even a

site plan had already been prepared on 12.03.2007. As such, no reliance can be

placed on the alleged disclosure statement (Ex. PT).

39. Reference may be had to Section 27 of the Evidence Act, 1872

4

which

reads as under:

“27. How much of information received from accused may be

proved.—Provided that, when any fact is deposed to as discovered in

consequence of information received from a person accused of any

offence, in the custody of a police officer, so much of such information,

whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact

thereby discovered, may be proved.”

40. Confession made to a police officer is not admissible, except in terms of

4

Now incorporated as Proviso to Section 23(2) of Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

24

section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 which lays down that when there is

a discovery of a fact, in consequence of information received from an accused, so

much of an information as distinctly related to the fact thereby discovered may

be proved. In the present case no new fact is discovered. As per the prosecution

the accused is alleged to have identified the spots, which as noticed above were

already in the knowledge of the prosecution. Thus the alleged disclosure

statement cannot be taken into consideration.

41. It may be noticed that the presence of the accused at the spot of incident at

the relevant time is sought to be established by mere presence of an open packet

of namkeen which, in the evidence of the prosecution has been established, is a

packet which is readily available and sold in thousands all over the village. The

prosecution has failed to establish a connection between the packet of namkeen

recovered from the spot and the accused. It may be noticed that the theory of the

prosecution of the last seen has been propounded to corroborate the alleged extra

judicial confession. There is no plausible explanation of the prosecution as to why

the accused would make an extra judicial confession to the Sarpanch of the village

with whom neither he nor the victim had any connection.

42. Further, it may be noticed that on the one hand, the High Court has held

25

that the prosecution cannot rest its case on the theory of “seen together” and no

conclusion of inculpation can be drawn from the testimony of PW7 and on the

other still goes on to uphold the conviction on the basis of the theory of “seen

together”. The High Court has further erred, on the one hand in holding that the

testimony of both PW7 and PW8 does not establish the last seen theory, and on

the other, merely because of a suggestion by the defense counsel that there was

a child accompanying the accused read along with the extra judicial confession,

held that the same clinches the guilt.

43. Extra judicial confession is a weak piece of evidence and per se without

any independent and cogent corroborative circumstance or evidence cannot be

make the sole basis for conviction. Wherever the court, upon due appreciation of

the entire prosecution evidence, intends to base a conviction on an extra-judicial

confession, it must ensure that the same inspires confidence and is corroborated

by other prosecution evidence. If, however, the extra-judicial confession suffers

from material discrepancies or inherent improbabilities and does not appear to be

cogent as per the prosecution version, it may be difficult for the court to base a

conviction on such a confession. In such circumstances, the court would be fully

26

justified in ruling such evidence out of consideration.

5

44. Further, the High Court has erred in repeatedly holding that the disclosure

statement (Ex. PW2), led to the discovery of the body (Ex. PU), which is clearly

incorrect. The Disclosure statement, (Ex. PT), was recorded on 14.03.2007,

whereas the body of the deceased was discovered on 12.03.2007, i.e., two days

prior to the disclosure statement.

45. Furthermore, although semen was detected on the underwear of the victim,

there was no DNA test conducted to match the semen found on the underwear of

the accused and the semen obtained from the rectal swab of the deceased. The

Trial Court held that, since the accused was not married, there was no explanation

given by him to explain the presence of semen in his underwear. Further, since

the prosecution has failed to establish any link between the semen found on the

underwear of the accused and that found in the rectal swab of the victim, the onus

could not have been shifted to the accused to establish that there was no

connection. Without any evidence produced by the prosecution, the High Court

has presumed both to be the same and placed the onus upon the accused to

establish that they were different.

5

Sahadevan v. State of T.N., (2012) 6 SCC 403

27

46. Prosecution has clearly failed to establish beyond any reasonable doubt,

the connection between the accused and the victim; presence of the victim in the

company of the accused at the relevant point of time and even the very presence

of the accused or any connection of the accused with the place of the incident.

There are serious doubts regarding the veracity of the prosecution case. This

doubt is further fortified by the testimony of the prosecution witnesses who

deposed that the accused was brought by the police on 12.03.2007 i.e. two days

prior to the alleged extra judicial confession.

47. As noticed above, there are several missing links in the chain of the

prosecution case which, in our view, do not establish beyond reasonable doubt

that the accused was the person who committed the offence. Since, in our view,

prosecution has failed to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable

doubt, the benefit of the same has to be given to the accused.

48. In view of the above, the Trial Court erred in holding that the prosecution

had proved the case beyond reasonable doubt and in convicting the accused.

Further, the High Court has also erred in upholding the conviction of the accused.

Consequently, the impugned Judgment dated 18.10.2022, passed by the High

Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in CRA-D-566-DB-2010 (O&M)

28

and the judgment of conviction dated 24.04.2010 and order on sentence dated

26.04.2010 passed by session judge Ambala in case No. 11 of 2007 are set

aside.

49. When this case was heard and reserved for judgment on 29.07.2026, this

Court was of the opinion that the appeal ought to be allowed by extending the

benefit of doubt to the appellant, i.e., Sahab Singh alias Sat Pal. This Court had

directed that the appellant Sahab Singh alias Sat Pal, be released forthwith

from prison, unless his continued incarceration was lawfully required in

connection with any other case. Said order is hereby reaffirmed.

50. This appeal is allowed extending the benefit of doubt to the appellant, i.e.,

Sahab Singh alias Sat Pal and in the above terms.

…………………………. J.

[SANJAY KUMAR]

……………………………. J.

[SANJEEV SACHDEVA ]

New Delhi;

September 02, 2026