REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 632 OF 2008

State of Punjab & Ors. .... Appellant(s)

Versus

The Senior Vocational Staff

Masters Association & Ors. .... Respondent(s)

J U D G M E N T

R.K. Agrawal, J.

1)The above appeal has been filed against the impugned

common judgment and order dated 23.05.2006 passed by the

High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in L.P.A. No. 66

of 2006 in CWP No. 10928 of 2003 and L.P.A. No. 67 of 2006 in

CWP No. 7527 of 1995 whereby the Division Bench while

dismissing the appeals filed by the appellants herein upheld the

order dated 27.04.2005 passed by learned single Judge of the

High Court in CWP Nos. 10928 of 2003 and 7527 of 1995.

1

2)Brief facts:

(a)The Senior Vocational Staff Masters Association-the

respondent Association represents the Vocational Masters in the

State of Punjab appointed during the years 1975, 1982, 1983

and thereafter. The respondents were appointed on their

respective posts by the State of Punjab in the year 1975 on

ad-hoc basis. In the year 1978, the Punjab Public Service

Commission advertised 132 posts of Vocational Masters to be

filled up by way of regular appointment. These posts were to be

filled up under the Punjab School Education (PSE) Class III

(School Cadre) Rules. The minimum educational qualification for

the posts of Vocational Masters was degree or post graduation

except very few courses where the educational qualification was

Diploma under the advertisement.

(b)In the year 1992-93, the State Government decided to revise

the minimum qualification for being appointed as vocational

masters and Diploma was provided as the minimum educational

qualification in place of Degree for some courses. Due to

revision, there were two classes of Vocational Masters in the

State, viz., Diploma holder vocational masters and degree holder

vocational masters or post-graduate vocational masters. The

State Government, taking note of the fact that the unequals are

2

being treated as equals due to the revision in qualification, vide

Notification dated 31.03.1995, re-designated degree holder

vocational masters and post-graduate vocational masters as

vocational lecturers with the rider that their present

responsibilities and financial matters will have no change. It is

also pertinent to mention here that Diploma holder vocational

masters were also provided an opportunity to re-designate as

vocational lecturers as and when they acquire the degree or

post-graduate qualification.

(c)The said notification dated 31.03.1995 was challenged

before the High Court in CWP No. 7527 of 1995 by the remaining

Vocational Masters for a direction to the appellants to grant the

designation of Vocational Lecturers to all the Vocational Masters

in the State of Punjab. During the pendency of the said writ

petition, the State Government made rules to amend the Punjab

State Education Class III (School Cadre) Service Rules, 1978

prescribing separate qualification for vocational masters and

vocational lecturers.

(d)On the onset of 4

th

Punjab Pay Commission, the

Commission had not treated Vocational Masters separate from

Masters of General Studies and the Vocational Lecturers from the

Lecturers of General Studies and merged the Vocational Masters

3

with that of the School Masters and Vocational Lecturers with

School Lecturers by amendment, viz., Punjab Civil Services

(revised pay)(first amendment) Rules, 1998 wherein School

Lecturers were granted the pay scale of Rs. 6,400-10,640/- and

School Masters were given the pay scale of Rs. 5,800-9,200/-. It

is pertinent to mention here that earlier the Vocational Masters

and Vocational Lecturers were given the same pay scales.

(e)The respondents herein, being aggrieved by the disparity in

pay scales granted by the 4

th

Pay Commission, approached the

State Government claiming that they should be granted pay

scales at par with the Lecturers. Vide Notification dated

07.11.2002, the Government of Punjab, Department of Education

clarified that “the Vocational Masters appointed on or after

08.07.1995 neither can be designated as Vocational Lecturers

based upon the educational qualification nor the revised scale of

Rs. 6,400-10,640/- in place of Rs. 5,800-9,200/- be granted to

them with effect from 01.01.1996. In other words, the benefit of

higher scale will be admissible to those who were in service prior

to 08.07.1995”. Vide a subsequent notification dated

16.05.2003, the State Government reiterated the stand taken in

the Notification dated 07.11.2002 and also sought for strict

compliance of the same.

4

(f)The Government of Punjab, Department of Education, vide

Notification dated 16.07.2003, cancelled the Notifications dated

07.11.2002 and 16.05.2003 clarifying the position that only

those Vocational Masters who were appointed prior to

08.07.1995 and those who acquired the qualification of

post-graduate or degree in engineering by 08.07.1995 would be

eligible for scale of pay of Rs. 6,400-10,640/- with effect from

01.01.1996 and also issued a direction to recover the excess

amount being paid to any ineligible vocational master on the

basis of the earlier Notifications.

(g)Being aggrieved by the Notification dated 16.07.2003, the

respondents herein preferred CWP No. 10928 of 2003 before the

High Court. Learned single Judge of the High Court, vide a

common judgment and order dated 27.04.2005 in CWP Nos.

10928 of 2003 and 7527 of 1995, quashed the Notification dated

16.07.2003 and directed the State Government to give the benefit

of Notification dated 31.03.1995 to all the Vocational Masters

recruited prior to 08.07.1995.

(h)Aggrieved by the order dated 27.04.2005, the State

Government preferred L.P.A. No. 66 of 2006 in CWP No. 10928 of

2003 and L.P.A. No. 67 of 2006 in CWP No. 7527 of 1995 before

the High Court. The Division Bench of the High Court, vide

5

common judgment and order dated 23.05.2006, dismissed the

appeals filed by the appellants herein.

(i)Aggrieved by the order dated 23.05.2006, the appellants

have preferred this appeal by way of special leave.

3) Heard the arguments advanced by Mr. Karan Bharihoke,

learned counsel for the appellants and Mr. Neeraj Kumar Jain

and Mr. Nidhesh Gupta, learned senior counsel for the respective

respondents and perused the records.

Point(s) for consideration:-

4)The only point for consideration before this Court is whether

in the present facts and circumstances of the case, the

Notification dated 16.07.2003 is valid in the eyes of law or not?

Rival submissions:

5)Learned counsel for the appellants contended before this

Court that the respondents do not fulfill the basic qualification of

Lecturer. It was further contended that the High Court has not

considered the fact that the respondents could not have

challenged the Notification dated 31.03.1995 as the said

Notification has been superseded by the Statutory Rule dated

08.07.1995. He further contended that the High Court has

6

recorded an erroneous finding of fact that the Notification dated

16.07.2003 is violative of principles of natural justice and there is

no question of recovering the excess amount paid as salaries and

allowances to the respondents. Learned counsel further

contended that it is a well settled proposition of law that the pay

scales of a class of employees are determined by the State

Government keeping in view the qualifications, responsibilities,

nature of work and resources of the State and the High Court

ought not have granted the pay scale of Rs. 6,400-10,640/- to

the respondents herein-Vocational Staff Masters. Learned

counsel further contended that in order to rectify the error

committed earlier, the Notification dated 16.07.2003 was issued

by the State Government withdrawing the pay scale of Rs.

6,400-10,640/- to the vocational masters w.e.f. 01.01.1996

which was inadvertently given vide Notification dated 07.11.2002,

and there is no foul play on the part of the State to hamper any

legitimate right of the respondents as it is the prerogative of the

State. Learned counsel finally contended that the orders passed

by the High Court are erroneous and are in flagrant violation of

the statutory rules and be set aside by this Court. In support of

his submissions, learned counsel has relied upon the following

decisions of this Court which are as under:-

7

(i)In V. Markendeya and Others vs. State of Andhra

Pradesh and Others (1989) 3 SCC 191, it was held as under:-

“10. In Randhir Singh case and later in Dhirendra Chamoli case,

Surinder Singh case, Bhagwan Dass case, Jaipal case and P. Savita

case, this Court implemented the principle of “equal pay for equal

work”. The court granted relief on the principle of equal pay on the

basis of same or similar work performed by two classes of

employees under the same employer even though the two classes of

employees did not constitute the same service. But in all the

aforesaid cases relief was granted only after it was found that

discrimination was practised in giving different scales of pay in

violation of the equality clause enshrined in Articles 14 and 16 of

the Constitution. The principle of equal pay for equal work was

enforced on the premise that discrimination was practised between

the two sets of employees performing the same duties and

functions, without there being any rational classification. The

principle of “equal pay for equal work” is not an abstract one, it is

open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay for different

cadres having regard to nature, duties, responsibilities and

educational qualifications. Different grades ace laid down in service

with varying qualifications for entry into particular grade. Higher

qualification and experience based on length of service are valid

considerations for prescribing different pay scales for different

cadres. The application of doctrine arises where employees are

equal in every respect, in educational qualifications, duties,

functions and measure of responsibilities and yet they are denied

equality in pay. If the classification for prescribing different scales

of pay is founded on reasonable nexus the principle will not apply.

But if the classification is founded on unreal and unreasonable

basis it would violate Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and

the principle of equal pay for equal work, must have its way. In the

decisions reference to which have been made by the learned

counsel for the appellants, this Court granted relief, after recording

findings that the aggrieved employees were discriminated in

violation of the equality clause under Articles 14 and 16 of the

Constitution, without there being any rationale for the

classification.

11. In a number of decisions of this Court the claim for equal

pay for equal work has been negatived on the ground that the

different pay scales prescribed for persons doing similar or same

work is permissible on the basis of classification founded on the

measure of responsibilities, educational qualifications, experience

and other allied matters. In Federation of All India Customs and

Central Excise Stenographers (Recognised) v. Union of India, Justice

Sabyasachi Mukharji said:

“... there may be qualitative differences as regards

reliability and responsibility. Functions may be the same

but the responsibilities make a difference. One cannot

8

deny that often the difference is a matter of degree and

that there is an element of value judgment by those who

are charged with the administration in fixing the scales of

pay and other conditions of service. So long as such value

judgment is made bona fide, reasonably on an intelligible

criterion which has a rational nexus with the object of

differentiation, such differentiation will not amount to

discrimination. It is important to emphasise that equal

pay for equal work is a concomitant of Article 14 of the

Constitution. But it follows naturally that equal pay for

unequal work will be a negation of that right.”

The learned Judge further observed:

“The same amount of physical work may entail different

quality of work, some more sensitive, some requiring more

tact, some less — it varies from nature and culture of

employment. The problem about equal pay cannot always

be translated into a mathematical formula. If it has a

rational nexus with the object sought for, as reiterated

before a certain amount of value judgment of the

administrative authorities who are charged with fixing the

pay scale has to be left with them and it cannot be

interfered with by the court unless it is demonstrated that

either it is irrational or based on no basis or arrived mala

fide either in law or in fact.”

12. In State of U.P. v. J.P. Chaurasia, this Court negatived the

claim of Bench Secretaries for equal pay for equal work on the

basis of reasonable classification based on merit, experience and

seniority though both sets of employees were performing the

similar duties and having similar responsibilities. In Mewa Ram

Kanojia v. AIIMS this Court refused to grant relief to the petitioner

for parity in pay on the application of the principle of “equal pay for

equal work” on the ground of reasonable classification on the basis

of educational qualifications.

13. In view of the above discussion we are of the opinion that

where two classes of employees perform identical or similar duties

and carrying out the same functions with the same measure of

responsibility having same academic qualifications, they would be

entitled to equal pay. If the State denies them equality in pay, its

action would be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution,

and the court will strike down the discrimination and grant relief to

the aggrieved employees. But before such relief is granted the court

must consider and analyse the rationale behind the State action in

prescribing two different scales of pay. If on an analysis of the

relevant rules, orders, nature of duties, functions, measure of

responsibility, and educational qualifications required for the

relevant posts, the court finds that the classification made by the

State in giving different treatment to the two classes of employees

is founded on rational basis having nexus with the objects sought

to be achieved, the classification must be upheld. Principle of equal

pay for equal work is applicable among equals, it cannot be applied

9

to unequals. Relief to an aggrieved person seeking to enforce the

principles of equal pay for equal work can be granted only after it is

demonstrated before the court that invidious discrimination is

practised by the State in prescribing two different scales for the two

classes of employees without there being any reasonable

classification for the same. If the aggrieved employees fail to

demonstrate discrimination, the principle of equal pay for equal

work cannot be enforced by court in abstract. The question what

scale should be provided to a particular class of service must be

left to the executive and only when discrimination is practised

amongst the equals, the court should intervene to undo the wrong,

and to ensure equality among the similarly placed employees. The

court however cannot prescribe equal scales of pay for different

class of employees.”

(ii)In State of U.P. and Others vs. J.P. Chaurasia and

Others (1989) 1 SCC 121, it was held as under:-

“20. The second question formulated earlier needs careful

examination. The question is not particular to the present case. It

is pertinent to all such cases. It is a matter affecting the civil

services in general. The question is whether there could be two

scales of pay in the same cadre of persons performing the same or

similar work or duties. All Bench Secretaries in the High Court of

Allahabad are undisputedly having same duties. But they have

been bifurcated into two grades with different pay scales. The

Bench Secretaries Grade I are in a higher pay scale than Bench

Secretaries Grade II. The entitlement to higher pay scale depends

upon selection based on merit-cum-seniority. Can it be said that it

would be violative of the right to equality guaranteed under the

Constitution?

31. In the present case, all Bench Secretaries may do the same

work, but their quality of work may differ. Under the rules framed

by the Chief Justice of the High Court, Bench Secretaries Grade I

are selected by a Selection Committee. The selection is based on

merit with due regards to seniority. They are selected among the lot

of Bench Secretaries Grade II. When Bench Secretaries Grade II

acquire experience and also display more merit, they are appointed

as Bench Secretaries Grade I. The rules thus make a proper

classification for the purpose of entitlement to higher pay scale.

The High Court has completely overlooked the criterion provided

under the Rules. The merit governs the grant of higher pay scale

and that merit will be evaluated by a competent authority. The

classification made under the Rules, therefore, cannot be said to be

violative of the right to have equal pay for equal work.”

10

6)Per contra, learned senior counsel for the

respondents-Vocational Staff Masters Association submitted that

since beginning the educational qualification for appointment as

Vocational Masters had been a degree or a diploma with three

years’ experience as both the qualifications were placed at par.

The process of selection as well as the nature of the job was

same. There was no such difference or distinction brought about

between the persons so appointed. Learned senior counsel

further submitted that the State Government sought to bring

about an arbitrary distinction amongst people who had been

appointed to teach the same classes of 10+1 and 10+2 and such

arbitrary action is contrary to law and has rightly been directed

to be rectified by the High Court. Learned senior counsel further

submitted that there cannot be any discrimination between

similarly situated persons whether by way of a government

notification or by any amendment in the Rules. The plea that

there was an inadvertent mistake is contrary to the record and it

is a deliberate distinction in law sought to be brought about by

the appellants. Learned senior counsel finally contended that the

High Court was right in upholding the order passed by the

learned single Judge and the present appeal is liable to be

dismissed.

11

7)Learned senior counsel appearing for the vocational

lecturers (Respondent Nos. 5 and 7) submitted that the State

Government, while exercising powers under Section 309 of the

Constitution, framed Punjab Civil Services (Revised Pay) (First

Amendment) Rules, 1998. As per the said Rules, different scales

of pay have been prescribed for Vocational Lecturers and

Vocational Masters. The government, after examining various

factors including different qualifications required for both the

posts, has prescribed higher pay scale for Vocational Lecturers

than the Vocational Masters. The said differentiation is made

bona fide, reasonably on an intelligible criterion, which has a

rational nexus with the object of differentiation. Notably, the said

Rules were not assailed by the Vocational Masters before the

High Court. Thus, there are statutory rules which hold the field

and different pay scales for both the posts have been prescribed

on the basis of the said Rules. However, the High Court without

even noticing the said rules, by way of order, erroneously struck

down the action of the government in not granting the pay scales

of Vocational Lecturers to Vocational Masters.

8)Learned senior counsel further submitted that it has been

held in a catena of cases of this Court that the doctrine of ‘equal

pay for equal work’ has no mechanical application in every case

12

and Article 14 permits reasonable qualification based on qualities

or characteristics of persons recruited and grouped together, as

against those who are left out. For claiming the benefit of the

doctrine of ‘equal pay for equal work’, the concerned employee

has to establish that the qualification, eligibility, mode of

selection/recruitment, nature and quality of work and duties and

effort, reliability, confidentiality, dexterity, functional need and

responsibilities and status of both the posts are identical. In

support of this claim, learned senior counsel pointed out the

judgments of this Court in Shyam Babu Verma and Others vs.

Union of India and Others (1994) 2 SCC 521 and Government

of W.B. vs. Tarun K. Roy and Others (2004) 1 SCC 347.

9)Learned senior counsel further stressed upon the point that

the matters concerning pay fixation etc. exclusively falls within

the domain of Expert Committees constituted by the government

and court should refrain from interfering with the decisions

regarding fixation of pay arrived at by such Committees. So long

as the decision of those who are charged with the administration

in fixing the scales of pay and other service conditions etc. is

made bona fide, reasonably on an intelligible criterion, which has

a rational nexus with the object of differentiation, such

differentiation will not amount to discrimination. The

13

determination as to whether two posts are equal or not is the job

of Expert Committee and the Court should not interfere with the

same. In support of this submission, learned senior counsel

point out the following judgment of this Court, viz., Indian

Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. vs. Workmen, Indian Drugs &

Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (2007) 1 SCC 408 and State Bank of

India and Others vs. K.P. Subbaiah and Others (2003) 11 SCC

646.

10)Learned senior counsel finally submitted that in the absence

of wholesome identity between the Vocational Masters and the

Vocational Lecturers, the High Court erred in quashing the order

dated 16.07.2003 passed by the State Government whereby it

has decided not to extend the benefit of higher pay scales to

those Vocational Masters who did not acquire the qualification of

post graduate or degree in engineering by 08.07.1995. The said

decision of the Government was in consonance with the statutory

rules and had been made bona fide, reasonably on an intelligible

criterion which has a rational nexus with the object of

differentiation. Hence, the High Court erred in quashing the

same and that too without even noticing much less adverting to

the statutory rules which govern the field.

14

Discussion:

11)The respondents herein are claiming the pay scale of Rs.

6,400-10,640/- with effect from 01.01.1996 which would be at

par with the scale granted to the lecturers. It is their claim that

when they were initially appointed as Vocational Masters on

ad-hoc basis and were placed in the pay scale of Rs. 300-600/- a

degree in Engineering was the necessary qualification for

teaching students in the Engineering trade and for

non-engineering trade, a candidate was required to have the

qualification of B.A. with ITI Diploma. These qualifications were

at par with Lecturers under the PES Class III Rules. It is also on

record that at the relevant time, the posts of Lecturers were in

the lower scale of Rs. 250-550/-. The scale which had been given

to Vocational Masters was equivalent to the scale which had been

enjoyed by the Head Masters. In the year 1978, the Pay

Commission recommended the pay scale of Rs. 700-1300/- both

for lecturers as well as for vocational masters. Thus, the

vocational masters and lecturers were placed in the same scale.

The parity in pay continued even in the subsequent pay revision

and both the categories were placed in the pay scale of Rs.

1,800-3,200/-. In this view of the matter, the nature of duties of

the Lecturers and Vocational Masters has not undergone any

15

change.

12)However, when the pay scales were revised in the year 1998

with effect from 01.01.1996, a disparity was created between the

pay scales of Lecturers and Vocational Masters. Whilst the

Lecturers were granted the pay scale of Rs. 6,400-10,640/-, the

respondents herein-Vocational Masters were fixed in the

converted pay scale of Rs. 5,800-9,200/-. It is also on record

that the Vocational Masters, who were appointed earlier to

08.07.1995 claimed that they cannot be granted a pay scale

lesser than the Lecturers. Vide Notification dated 07.11.2002,

the State Government issued a clarification that the Vocational

Masters appointed on or after 08.07.1995 neither can be

designated as Vocational Lecturers based upon the educational

qualification nor can be granted the revised scale of Rs.

6,400-10,640/- to them with effect from 01.01.1996 stating that

the higher scale will be admissible to those who were in service

prior to 08.07.1995. In view of the Notification dated 07.11.2002,

the higher scale was given to the Vocational Masters. On

21.05.2003, the State Government granted a quota of 15% to the

Vocational Masters for being considered for promotion to PES

Class II. In the meantime, on 16.07.2003, the State Government,

by way of subsequent Notification, superseding earlier

16

Notifications dated 07.11.2002 and 16.05.2003, directed that the

designations and pay scale of Rs. 6,400-10,640/- with effect from

01.01.1996 will be admissible to only those Vocational Masters

who have been appointed prior to 08.07.1995 and had the

qualification of post-graduate or degree in engineering by

08.07.1995. On the basis of the said Notification, the State

Government passed orders to recover the excess amount paid to

Vocational Masters after following the due procedure under the

Rules. However, the claim of the respondents herein to

re-designate all the Vocational Masters as Vocational Lecturers

was still pending.

13) As the name suggests, vocational courses are those courses

in which teaching is not on regular basis. Vocational courses play

a very important role in the grooming of students in different

fields. It trains young people for various jobs and helps them

acquire specialized skills. Vocational education can also be

termed as job-oriented education. It helps a person in becoming

skilled in a particular filed at a comparatively lower age. In the

present case, the State Government, in the year 1975, felt the

need of Vocational courses and accordingly made the suitable

provisions for the regulation of these courses. As per the

government orders, initially, except very few subjects, the

17

minimum educational qualification for the appointment to the

post of “Vocational Masters” was Degree or Post Graduation.

14)It is a cardinal principle of law that government has to abide

by rule of law and uphold the values and principles of the

Constitution. Respondents herein alleged that creating an

artificial distinction between the persons in the same cadre would

amount to violation of Article 14 i.e. equality before law and

hence, such an act cannot be sustained. The doctrine of equality

is a dynamic and evolving concept having many dimensions.

Articles 14-18 of the Constitution, besides assuring equality

before the law and equal protection of the laws, also disallow

discrimination which lacks the object of achieving equality, in

matters of employment. It is well settled that though Article 14

forbids class legislation but it does not forbid reasonable

classification. When any rule of statutory provision providing

classification is assailed on the ground that it is contrary to

Article 14, its validity can be sustained if it satisfies two tests,

namely, that the classification was to be based on an intelligible

differentia which distinguishes persons or things grouped

together from the others left out of the group, and the differentia

in question must have a reasonable nexus to object sought to be

achieved by the rule or statutory provision in question. In other

18

words, there must be some rational nexus between the basis of

classification and the object intended to be achieved by the

Statute or the Rule.

15)It is evident that at the time of initial appointment, both the

degree holders and the Diploma holders were appointed by a

common process of selection where for the engineering trade a

degree was required and for the non-engineering trade a diploma

was considered as the appropriate qualification. A common

advertisement was issued and a common process of selection led

to the appointment of all persons who were designated as

Vocational Masters. They were appointed on a pay scale higher

than the general lecturers. They continued to draw a higher

scale till the year 1978 when the pay scale of the general

lecturers was brought at par with the pay scale of the Vocational

Masters. It is only in the year 1995 that an effort was made by

the State Government to create a distinction between the degree

holders as vocational lecturers and diploma holders as vocational

masters.

16)Further, since the very inception, the educational

qualification for appointment as Vocational Masters had been a

degree or a diploma with three years’ experience as both the

qualifications were placed at par. All persons were appointed by

19

a common process of selection and they teach the same classes,

performing the same work. No distinction can be brought about

between the persons so appointed. It is only subsequently that

the appellants designated some of the Vocational Masters as

Vocational Lecturers and brought about an artificial distinction

between the two. Even on account of re-designation of the degree

holders and post graduates as vocational lecturers, there was no

change in the responsibilities and the financial matters as

between the degree holders and diploma holders before the

alleged Notification which fact is duly admitted by the State.

There is no distinction between the vocational lecturers and

vocational masters and they form one unified cadre and class.

There cannot be any discrimination between similarly situated

persons, whether by way of a government notification or any

amendment in the Rules. As far as nature of work is concerned,

it is stated that the vocational masters are discharging their duty

in the Senior Secondary Schools in the

Engineering/non-Engineering trades and have the technical

qualifications while the vocational lecturers are also discharging

the same duties in the same schools. Both vocational masters

and lecturers are teaching the same classes, i.e., 10+1 and 10+2

and hence the nature of work, responsibilities and duties being

20

identical and the pay scales were also kept identical since 1978

onwards.

17)The principle of equality, is also fundamental in formulation

of any policy by the State and the glimpse of the same can be

found in Articles 38, 39, 39A, 43 and 46 embodied in Part IV of

the Constitution of India. These Articles of the Constitution of

India mandate that the State is under a constitutional obligation

to assure a social order providing justice- social, economic and

political, by inter alia, minimizing monetary inequalities, and by

securing the right to adequate means of livelihood and by

providing for adequate wages so as to ensure, an appropriate

standard of life, and by promoting economic interests of the

weaker sections. Meaning thereby, if the State is giving some

economic benefits to one class while denying the same to other

then the onus of justifying the same lies on the State specially in

the circumstances when both the classes or group of persons

were treated as same in the past by the State. Since Vocational

Masters had been drawing same salary as Vocational Lecturers

were drawing before the application of 4

th

pay commission, any

attempt to curtail their salary and allowances would amount to

arbitrariness which cannot be sustained in the eyes of law if no

reasonable justification is offered for the same.

21

18)We are conscious of the fact that a differential scale on the

basis of educational qualifications and the nature of duties is

permissible. However, it is equally clear to us that if two

categories of employees are treated as equal initially, they should

continue to be so treated unless a different treatment is justified

by some cogent reasons. In a case where the nature of duties is

drastically altered, a differential scale of pay may be justified.

Similarly, if a higher qualification is prescribed for a particular

post, a higher scale of pay may be granted. However, if the basic

qualifications and the job requirements continued to be identical

as they were initially laid down, then the Court shall be reluctant

to accept the action of the authority in according a differential

treatment unless some good reasons are disclosed. Thus, the

decisions relied upon by learned senior counsel are clearly

distinguishable and are not applicable to the facts of the present

case.

Conclusion:

19)In view of the forgoing discussion, we are of the considered

opinion that the High Court was fully justified in declaring that

the vocational masters are entitled to pay scale of Rs.

6,400-10,640/- on the ground that the nature of duties being

discharged by the vocational masters are the same as vocational

22

lecturers and that there was no rationale behind making a

classification between the two especially when both the categories

were treated as one and the same in all the previous pay

revisions since 1978 onwards. Vide notification dated

31.03.1995, only the nomenclature of vocational masters was

changed without changing their nature of duties and pay scales.

Further, the impugned order dated 16.07.2003 deserves to be

quashed on the short ground that it has been passed without

complying the rules of natural justice. The same could not have

been passed without giving an opportunity of hearing to the

concerned employees.

20)It is by now well settled that no orders causing civil

consequences can be passed, without observing rules of natural

justice as it was held in Bhagwan Shukla vs. Union of India &

Ors. AIR 1994 SC 2480 wherein it was held as under:

“3. We have heard learned counsel for the parties. That the

petitioner's basic pay had been fixed since 1970 at Rs, 190 p.m.

is not disputed. There is also no dispute that the basic pay of

the appellant was reduced to Rs. 181 p.m. from Rs. 190 pan. in

1991 retrospectively w.e.f. 1812.1970. The appellant has

obviously been visited with civil consequences but he had been

granted no opportunity to show cause against the reduction of

his basic pay. He was not, even put on notice before his pay was

reduced by the department and the order came to be made

behind his back without following any procedure known to law.

There, has, thus, been a flagrant violation of the principles of

natural justice and the appellant has been made to suffer huge

financial loss without being heard. Fair play in action warrants

that no such order which has the effect of an employee suffering

civil consequences should be passed without putting the

concerned to notice and giving him a hearing in the matter.

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Since, that was not done, the order (memorandum) dated

25.7.1991. which was impugned before the Tribunal could not

certainly be sustained and the Central Administrative Tribunal

fell in error in dismissing the petition of the appellant. The order

of the Tribunal deserves to be set aside. We, accordingly, accept

this appeal and set aside the order of the Central Administrative

Tribunal dated 17.9,1993 as well as the order (memorandum)

impugned before the Tribunal dated 25.7.1991 reducing the

basic pay of the appellant From Rs. 190 to Rs. 181 w.e.f.

18.12,1970.”

21)The order dated 16.07.2003 came to be made behind the

back of vocational masters without following any procedure

known to law. Thus, there has been a flagrant violation of the

principles of natural justice and the respondents had been made

to suffer huge financial loss without being heard. Fair play in

action warrants that no such order which has the effect of an

employee suffering civil consequences should be passed without

putting the concerned to notice and giving him a hearing in the

matter.

22) In our considered view, the High court while dealing with the

matter on merits, has rightly quashed the letter dated

16.07.2003 and directed the State government to give benefits of

the Notification dated 31.03.1995 to all the Vocational Masters.

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23) In view of above discussion, we are not inclined to interfere

in the decision passed by the High Court. Accordingly, the

appeal is dismissed with no order as to costs.

...…………………………………J.

(DIPAK MISRA)

…………… .………………………J.

(R.K. AGRAWAL)

.…....………………………………J.

(PRAFULLA C. PANT)

NEW DELHI;

AUGUST 18, 2017.

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ITEM NO.1501 COURT NO.9 SECTION IV

S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A

RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

Civil Appeal No(s). 632/2008

STATE OF PUNJAB & ORS. Appellant(s)

VERSUS

SENIOR VOCATIONAL STAFF MASTERS

ASSOCIATION & ORS. Respondent(s)

Date : 18-08-2017 This appeal was called on for pronouncement

of judgment today.

For Appellant(s)

Mr. Ajay Pal, AOR

Mr. Karan Bharihoke, AOR

For Respondent(s)

Mr. Tarun Gupta, AOR

Ms. Parul Sharma,Adv.

Mr. Varinder Kumar Sharma, AOR

Mr. Aditya Kumar Choudhary,Adv.

Mr. Ajit Pathak,Adv.

Mr. Akhil Anand, AOR

Mr. Ashok K. Mahajan, AOR

Hon'ble Mr. Justice R.K.Agrawal pronounced the

Reportable judgment of the Bench comprising Hon'ble Mr.

Justice Dipak Misra, His Lordship and Hon'ble Mr. Justice

Prafulla C.Pant.

The appeal is dismissed in terms of the signed

Reportable judgment.

Pending application, if any, stands disposed of.

(ANITA MALHOTRA) (CHANDER BALA)

COURT MASTER COURT MASTER

(Signed Reportable judgment is placed on the file.)

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