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The Regional Provident Fund Commissioner (Ii) West Bengal Vs. Vivekananda Vidyamandir and Others

  Supreme Court Of India Civil Appeal /6221/2011
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Case Background

The main issue in the case was whether certain allowances paid by employers to their employees would fall within the definition of ‘basic wages’ for the purpose of calculating provident ...

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE/ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 6221 OF 2011

THE REGIONAL PROVIDENT FUND 

COMMISSIONER (II) WEST BENGAL        

  ...APPELLANT(S)

 VERSUS

VIVEKANANDA VIDYAMANDIR AND OTHERS    ...RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 3965­3966 OF 2013

SURYA ROSHNI LTD.  ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND 

AND OTHERS                                  ...RESPONDENT(S)

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 3969­3970 OF 2013

U­FLEX LTD.    ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND 

AND ANOTHER                          ...RESPONDENT(S)

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 3967­3968 OF 2013

MONTAGE ENTERPRSES PVT. LTD.    ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND 

AND ANOTHER                          ...RESPONDENT(S)

1

TRANSFER CASE (C) NO(s).19 OF 2019

(arising out of T.P.(C)No. 1273 OF 2013)

THE MANAGEMENT OF 

SAINT­GOBAIN GLASS INDIA LTD.  ...PETITIONER(S)

VERSUS

THE REGIONAL PROVIDENT FUND 

COMMISSIONER, EMPLOYEES’ 

PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION              ...RESPONDENT (S)

JUDGMENT

NAVIN SINHA, J.

The appellants with the exception of Civil Appeal No. 6221

of   2011,   are   establishments   covered   under   the   Employees’

Provident   Fund   and   Miscellaneous   Provisions   Act,   1952

(hereinafter   referred   to   as   the   “Act”).   The   appeals   raise   a

common question of law, if the special allowances paid by an

establishment to its employees would fall within the expression

“basic wages” under Section 2(b)(ii) read with Section 6 of the Act

for   computation  of   deduction  towards  Provident   Fund.     The

appeals   have   therefore   been   heard   together   and   are   being

disposed by a common order.

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2.It is considered appropriate to briefly set out the individual

facts of each appeal for better appreciation. 

Civil Appeal No. 6221 of 2011    :The   respondent   is   an

unaided school giving special allowance by way of incentive to

teaching   and   non­teaching   staff   pursuant   to   an   agreement

between  the  staff   and  the   management.     The   incentive   was

reviewed from time to time upon enhancement of the tuition fees

of   the   students.   The   authority   under   the   Act   held   that   the

special allowance was to be included in basic wage for deduction

of provident fund.  The Single Judge set aside the order.  The

Division   Bench   initially   after   examining   the   salary   structure

allowed   the   appeal   on   13.01.2005   holding   that   the   special

allowance was a part of dearness allowance liable to deduction.

The   order   was   recalled   on  16.01.2007   at   the   behest   of   the

respondent as none had appeared on its behalf. The subsequent

Division Bench dismissed the appeal holding that the special

allowance  was not linked  to  the consumer price  index, and

therefore did not fall within the definition of basic wage, thus not

liable to deduction. 

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Civil Appeal Nos. 3965­66 of 2013:  The appellant was paying

basic wage + variable dearness allowance(VDA) + house rent

allowance(HRA) + travel allowance + canteen allowance + lunch

incentive. The special allowances not having been included in

basic wage, deduction for provident fund was not made from the

same.   The   authority   under   the   Act   held   that   only   washing

allowance was to be excluded from basic wage. The High Court

partially allowed the writ petition by excluding lunch incentive

from basic wage. A review petition against the same by the

appellant was dismissed. 

Civil Appeal Nos. 3969­70 of 2013 :     The appellant was not

deducting Provident Fund contribution on house rent allowance,

special   allowance,   management   allowance   and   conveyance

allowance by excluding it from basic wage.  The authority under

the Act held that the allowances had to be taken into account as

basic wage for deduction. The High Court dismissed the writ

petition and the review petition filed by the appellant. 

Civil Appeal Nos. 3967­68 of 2013:   The appellant company

was not deducting Provident Fund contribution on house rent

allowance,   special   allowance,   management   allowance   and

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conveyance   allowance   by   excluding   it   from   basic   wage.   The

authority under the Act held that the special allowances formed

part of basic wage and was liable to deduction.  The writ petition

and review petition filed by the appellant were dismissed. 

Transfer Case (C) No.19 of 2019 (arising out of T.P. (C) No.

1273 of 2013):     The petitioner filed W.P. No. 25443 of 2010

against the show cause notice issued by the authority under the

Act  calling for records  to determine  if conveyance  allowance,

education allowance, food concession, medical allowance, special

holidays, night shift incentives and city compensatory allowance

constituted part of basic wage. The writ petition was dismissed

being against a show cause notice and the statutory remedy

available under the Act, including an appeal.       A Writ Appeal

(Civil) No.1026 of 2011 was preferred against the same and which

has been transferred to this Court at the request of the petitioner

even before a final adjudication of liability. 

3.We have heard learned Additional Solicitor General, Shri

Vikramajit Banerjee and Shri Sanjay Kumar Jain appearing for

the   Regional   Provident   Fund   Commisioner   and   Shri   Ranjit

Kumar, learned Senior Counsel who made the lead arguments

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on behalf of the Establishment­appellants, and also Mr. Anand

Gopalan, learned counsel appearing for the petitioner in the

transfer petition.  

  4.       Shri Vikramajit Banerjee, learned Additional Solicitor

General appearing for the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 6221 of

2011, submitted that the special allowance paid to the teaching

and non­teaching staff of the respondent school was nothing but

camouflaged dearness allowance liable to deduction as part of

basic wage.    Section 2(b)(ii) defined dearness allowance as all

cash payment by whatever name called paid to an employee on

account of a rise in the cost of living.   The allowance shall

therefore fall within the term dearness allowance, irrespective of

the nomenclature, it being paid to all employees on account of

rise in the cost of living.   The special allowance had all the

indices of a dearness allowance.  A bare perusal of the breakup

of the different ingredients of the salary noticed in the earlier

order of the Division Bench dated 13.01.2005 makes it apparent

that   it   formed   part   of   the   component   of   pay   falling   within

dearness allowance.  The special allowance was also subject to

increment on a time scale.   The Act was a social beneficial

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welfare legislation meant for protection of the weaker sections of

the society, i.e. the workmen, and was therefore, required to be

interpreted in a manner to sub­serve and advance the purpose of

the legislation.   Under Section 6 of the Act, the appellant was

liable to pay contribution to the provident fund on basic wages,

dearness allowance, and retaining allowance (if any).  To exclude

any incentive wage from basic wage, it should have a direct

nexus and linkage with the amount of extra output.  Relying on

Bridge and Roof Co. (India) Ltd. vs. Union of India, (1963) 3

SCR  978,  it   was  submitted  that   whatever  is   payable  by  all

concerns   or   earned   by   all   permanent   employees   had   to   be

included   in   basic   wage   for   the   purpose   of   deduction   under

Section 6 of the Act.  It is only such allowances not payable by

all  concerns or  may not  be  earned  by all  employees of  the

concern, that would stand excluded from deduction. It is only

when a worker produces beyond the base standard, what he

earns would not be a basic wage but a production bonus or

incentive wage which would then fall outside the purview of

basic wage under Section 2(b) of the Act.   Since the special

allowance was earned by all teaching and non­teaching staff of

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the respondent school, it has to be included for the purpose of

deduction under Section 6 of the Act.  The special allowance in

the present case was a part of the salary breakup payable to all

employees   and   did   not   have   any   nexus   with   extra   output

produced by the employee out of his allowance, and thus it fell

within the definition of “basic wage”.

5.The common submission on behalf of the appellants in the

remaining appeals was that basic wages defined under Section

2(b)   contains   exceptions   and   will   not   include   what   would

ordinarily not be earned in accordance with the terms of the

contract of employment.   Even with regard to the payments

earned by an employee in accordance with the terms of contract

of employment, the basis of inclusion in Section 6 and exclusion

in Section 2(b)(ii) is that whatever is payable in all concerns and

is   earned   by   all   permanent   employees   is   included   for   the

purpose of contribution under Section 6.  But whatever is not

payable by all concerns or may not be earned by all employees of

a   concern   are   excluded   for   the   purposes   of   contribution.

Dearness allowance was payable in all concerns either as an

addition   to   basic   wage   or   as   part   of   consolidated   wages.

8

Retaining allowance was payable to all permanent employees in

seasonal factories and was therefore included in Section 6.  But,

house   rent   allowance   is   not   paid   in   many   concerns   and

sometimes in the same concern, it is paid to some employees but

not to others, and would therefore stand excluded from basic

wage.   Likewise   overtime   allowance   though   in   force   in   all

concerns, is not earned by all employees and would again stand

excluded from basic wage.  It is only those emoluments earned

by an employee in accordance with the terms of employment

which would qualify as basic wage and discretionary allowances

not earned in accordance with the terms of employment would

not be covered by basic wage. The statute itself excludes certain

allowance from the term basic wages.  The exclusion of dearness

allowance in Section 2(b)(ii) is an exception but that exception

has been corrected by including dearness allowance in Section 6

for the purpose of contribution.  

6.Attendance incentive was not paid in terms of the contract

of employment and was not legally enforceable by an employee.

It would therefore not fall within basic wage as it was not paid to

9

all employees of the concern.   Likewise, transport/conveyance

allowance   was   similar   to   house   rent   allowance,   as   it   was

reimbursement to an employee.  Such payments are ordinarily

not made universally, ordinarily and necessarily to all employees

and therefore will not fall within the definition of basic wage.  To

hold that canteen allowance was paid only to some employees,

being   optional   was   not   to   be   included   in   basic   wage   while

conveyance allowance was paid to all employees without any

proof in respect thereof was unsustainable.

7.Basic wage, would not ipso­facto take within its ambit the

salary breakup structure to hold it liable for provident fund

deductions when it was paid as special incentive or production

bonus given to more meritorious workmen who put in extra

output which has a direct nexus and linkage with the output by

the eligible workmen. When a worker produces beyond the base

or standard, what he earns was not basic wage. This incentive

wage will fall outside the purview of basic wage. 

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8.We   have   considered   the   submissions   on   behalf   of   the

parties.   To consider the common question of law, it will be

necessary   to   set   out   the   relevant   provisions   of   the   Act   for

purposes of the present controversy. 

“Section 2 (b): “Basic Wages” means all emoluments

which are earned by an employee while on duty or

(on leave or on holidays with wages in either case) in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   the   contract   of

employment and which are paid or payable in cash to

him, but does not include­

(i)The cash value of any food concession; 

(ii)Any dearness allowance (that is to say, all cash

payments by whatever name called paid to an

employee on account of a rise in the cost of

living),   house­rent   allowance,   overtime

allowance,   bonus,   commission   or   any   other

similar   allowance   payable   to   the   employee   in

respect of his employment or of work done in

such employment.

(iii)Any presents made by the employer;

Section 6:  Contributions and matters which may be

provided for in Schemes. – The contribution which

shall be paid by the employer to the Fund shall be

ten percent. Of the basic wages, dearness allowance

and retaining allowance, if any, for the time being

payable to each of the employees whether employed

by him directly or by or through a contractor, and the

employees’   contribution   shall   be   equal   to   the

contribution payable by the employer in respect of

him  and  may,  if  any  employee  so desires,  be  an

amount exceeding ten percent of his basic wages,

dearness allowance and retaining allowance if any,

subject to the condition that the employer shall not

be under an obligation to pay any contribution over

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and   above   his   contribution   payable   under   this

section:

Provided that in its application to any establishment

or   class   of   establishments   which   the   Central

Government, after making such inquiry as it deems

fit, may, by notification in the Official Gazette specify,

this section shall be subject to the modification that

for the words “ten percent”, at both the places where

they   occur,   the   words   “12   percent”   shall   be

substituted: 

Provided   further   that   where   the   amount   of   any

contribution   payable   under   this   Act   involves   a

fraction   of   a   rupee,   the   Scheme   may   provide   for

rounding off of such fraction to the nearest rupee,

half of a rupee, or quarter of a rupee. 

Explanation   I   –   For   the   purposes   of   this   section

dearness allowance shall be deemed to include also

the cash value of any food concession allowed to the

employee. 

Explanation II. – For the purposes of this section,

“retaining allowance” means allowance payable for

the time being to an employee of any factory or other

establishment   during   any   period   in   which   the

establishment   is   not   working,   for   retaining   his

services.”

9.Basic   wage,   under   the   Act,   has   been   defined   as   all

emoluments paid in cash to an employee in accordance with the

terms of his contract of employment.  But it carves out certain

exceptions which would not fall within the definition of basic

wage and which includes dearness allowance apart from other

allowances mentioned therein.   But this exclusion of dearness

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allowance finds inclusion in Section 6.   The test adopted to

determine if any payment was to be excluded from basic wage is

that the payment under the scheme must have a direct access

and linkage to the payment of such special allowance as not

being common to all. The crucial test is one of universality.  The

employer, under the Act, has a statutory obligation to deduct the

specified   percentage   of   the   contribution   from   the   employee’s

salary and make matching contribution.  The entire amount is

then required to be deposited in the fund within 15 days from

the date of such collection.   The aforesaid provisions fell for

detailed consideration by this Court in Bridge & Roof (supra)

when it was observed as follows:

“7.   The   main   question   therefore   that   falls   for

decision   is   as   to   which   of   these   two   rival

contentions is in consonance with s. 2(b). There is

no   doubt   that   "basic   wages"   as   defined   therein

means  all  emoluments   which are  earned  by an

employee while on duty or on leave with wages in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   the   contract   of

employment and which are paid or payable in cash.

If there were no exceptions to this definition, there

would   have   been   no   difficulty   in   holding   that

production bonus whatever be its nature would be

included   within   these   terms.   The   difficulty,

however,   arises   because   the   definition   also

provides that certain things will not be included in

the term "basic wages", and these are contained in

three clauses. The first clause mentions the cash

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value of any food concession while the third clause

mentions that presents made by the employer. The

fact   that   the   exceptions   contain   even   presents

made   by   the   employer   shows   that   though   the

definition   mentions   all   emoluments   which   are

earned   in   accordance   with   the   terms   of   the

contract of employment, care was taken to exclude

presents which would ordinarily not be earned in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   the   contract   of

employment.   Similarly,   though   the   definition

includes   "all   emoluments"   which   are   paid   or

payable in cash, the exception excludes the cash

value of any food concession, which in any case

was not payable in cash. The exceptions therefore

do not seem to follow any logical pattern which

would be in consonance with the main definition.

8. Then we come to clause (ii). It excludes dearness

allowance,   house­rent   allowance,   overtime

allowance, bonus, commission or any other similar

allowance payable to the employee in respect of his

employment or of work done in such employment.

This exception suggests that even though the main

part   of   the   definition   includes   all   emoluments

which are earned in accordance with the terms of

the   contract   of   employment,   certain   payments

which are in fact the price of labour and earned in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   the   contract   of

employment are excluded from the main part of the

definition of "basic wages". It is undeniable that the

exceptions   contained   in   clause   (ii)   refer   to

payments   which   are   earned   by   an   employee   in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   his   contract   of

employment. It was admitted by counsel on both

sides before us that it was difficult to find any one

basis   for   the   exceptions   contained   in   the   three

clauses. It is clear however from clause (ii) that

from   the   definition   of   the   word   "basic   wages"

certain earnings were excluded, though they must

be earned by employees in accordance with the

terms   of   the   contract   of   employment.   Having

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excluded "dearness allowance" from the definition

of "basic wages", s. 6 then provides for inclusion of

dearness allowance for purposes of contribution.

But   that   is   clearly   the   result   of   the   specific

provision in s. 6 which lays down that contribution

shall   be   6­1/4  per  centum   of  the   basic   wages,

dearness   allowance   and   retaining   allowance   (if

any). We must therefore try to discover some basis

for the exclusion in clause (ii) as also the inclusion

of dearness allowance and retaining allowance (for

any) in s. 6. It seems that the basis of inclusion in

s. 6 and exclusion in clause (ii) is that whatever is

payable   in   all   concerns   and   is   earned   by   all

permanent employees is included for the purpose,

of contribution under s. 6, but whatever is not

payable by all concerns or may not be earned by all

employees of a concern is excluded for the purpose

of contribution. Dearness allowance (for examples

is payable in all concerns either as an addition to

basic wages or as a part of consolidated wages

where a concern does not have separate dearness

allowance   and   basic   wages.   Similarly,   retaining

allowance is payable to all permanent employees in

all seasonal factories like sugar factories and is

therefore   included   in   s.   6;   but   house­rent

allowance   is   not   paid   in   many   concerns   and

sometimes in the same concern it is paid to some

employees but not to others, for the theory is that

house­rent   is  included   in  the   payment   of   basic

wages   plus   dearness   allowance   or   consolidated

wages. Therefore, house­rent allowance which may

not be payable to all employees of a concern and

which is certainly not paid by all concern is taken

out of the definition of "basic wages", even though

the   basis   of   payment   of   house­rent   allowance

where it is paid is the contract of employment.

Similarly, overtime allowance though it is generally

in   force   in   all   concerns   is   not   earned   by   all

employees   of   a   concern.   It   is   also   earned   in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   the   contract   of

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employment; but because it may not be earned by

all   employees   of   a   concern   it   is   excluded   from

"basic wages". Similarly, commission or any other

similar allowance is excluded from the definition of

"basic wages" for commission and other allowances

are not necessarily to be found in all concerns; nor

are they necessarily earned by all employees of the

same concern, though where they exist they are

earned   in   accordance   with   the   terms   of   the

contract of employment. It seems therefore that the

basis   for   the   exclusion   in   clause   (ii)   of   the

exceptions in s. 2(b) is that all that is not earned in

all   concerns   or   by   all   employees   of   concern   is

excluded from basic wages. To this the exclusion of

dearness allowance in clause (ii) is an exception.

But that exception has been corrected by including

dearness   allowance   in   s.   6   for   the   purpose   of

contribution.   Dearness   allowance   which   is   an

exception   in   the   definition   of   "basic   wages",   is

included for the propose of contribution by s. 6 and

the real exceptions therefore in clause (ii) are the

other exceptions beside dearness allowance, which

has been included through S. 6.”

10.Any variable earning which may vary from individual to

individual according to their efficiency and diligence will stand

excluded from the term “basic wages” was considered in Muir

Mills Co. Ltd., Kanpur Vs. Its Workmen,   AIR 1960 SC 985

observing:

“11.   Thus   understood   "basic   wage"   never

includes the additional emoluments which some

workmen may earn, on the basis of a system of

bonuses related to the production. The quantum

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of   earning   in   such   bonuses   varies   from

individual   to   individual   according   to   their

efficiency and diligence; it will vary sometimes

from   season   to   season   with   the   variations   of

working conditions in the factory or other place

where the work is done; it will vary also with

variations in the rate of supplies of raw material

or in the assistance obtainable from machinery.

This very element of variation, excludes this part

of workmen's emoluments from the connotation

of "basic wages"…”

11.In Manipal Academy of Higher Education vs. Provident

Fund Commissioner , (2008) 5 SCC 428, relying upon Bridge

Roof’s case it was observed:

“10. The basic principles as laid down in Bridge

Roof's case (supra) on a combined reading of

Sections 2(b) and 6 are as follows:

(a)   Where  the   wage  is  universally,   necessarily

and ordinarily paid to all across the board such

emoluments are basic wages.

(b) Where the payment is available to be specially

paid to those who avail of the opportunity is not

basic wages. By way of example it was held that

overtime   allowance,   though   it   is   generally   in

force   in   all   concerns   is   not   earned   by   all

employees   of   a   concern.   It   is   also   earned   in

accordance   with   the   terms   of   the   contract   of

employment but because it may not be earned by

all employees of a concern, it is excluded from

basic wages.

(c) Conversely, any payment by way of a special

incentive or work is not basic wages.”

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12.The term basic wage has not been defined under the Act.

Adverting to the dictionary meaning of the same in  Kichha

Sugar Company Limited through General Manager vs. Tarai

Chini Mill Majdoor Union, Uttarakhand , (2014) 4 SCC 37, it

was observed as follows:

“9. According   to   http://www.merriam­

webster.com   (Merriam   Webster   Dictionary)   the

word 'basic wage' means as follows:

1. A wage or salary based on the cost of living and

used as a standard for calculating rates of pay

2.   A   rate   of   pay   for   a   standard   work   period

exclusive of such additional payments as bonuses

and overtime.

10. When an expression is not defined, one can

take   into   account   the   definition   given   to   such

expression   in   a   statute   as   also   the   dictionary

meaning. In our opinion, those wages which are

universally, necessarily and ordinarily paid to all

the employees across the board are basic wage.

Where the payment is available to those who avail

the opportunity more than others, the amount paid

for that cannot be included in the basic wage. As

for example, the overtime allowance, though it is

generally enforced across the board but not earned

by all employees equally. Overtime wages or for

that matter, leave encashment may be available to

each workman but it may vary from one workman

to other. The extra bonus depends upon the extra

hour of work done by the workman whereas leave

encashment shall depend upon the number of days

of leave available to workman. Both are variable. In

view of what we have observed above, we are of the

opinion   that   the   amount   received   as   leave

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encashment and overtime wages is not fit to be

included   for   calculating   15%   of   the   Hill

Development Allowance.”

13.That   the   Act   was   a   piece   of  beneficial  social   welfare

legislation and must be interpreted as such was considered in

The Daily   Partap   vs.   The   Regional   Provident   Fund

Commissioner,   Punjab,   Haryana,   Himachal   Pradesh   and

Union Territory, Chandigarh, (1998) 8 SCC 90.

14.Applying the aforesaid tests to the facts of the present

appeals, no material has been placed by the establishments to

demonstrate that the allowances in question being paid to its

employees were either variable or were linked to any incentive for

production resulting in greater output by an employee and that

the allowances in question were not paid across the board to all

employees in a particular category or were being paid especially

to those who avail the opportunity.   In order that the amount

goes   beyond   the   basic   wages,   it   has   to   be   shown   that   the

workman   concerned   had   become   eligible   to   get   this   extra

amount   beyond   the   normal   work   which   he   was   otherwise

required to put in.  There is no data available on record to show

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what were the norms of work prescribed for those workmen

during   the   relevant   period.     It   is   therefore   not   possible   to

ascertain whether extra amounts paid to the workmen were in

fact paid for the extra work which had exceeded the normal

output prescribed for the workmen.  The wage structure and the

components of salary have been examined on facts, both by the

authority and the appellate authority under the Act, who have

arrived at a factual conclusion that the allowances in question

were essentially a part of the basic wage camouflaged as part of

an   allowance   so   as   to   avoid   deduction   and   contribution

accordingly to the provident fund account of the employees.

There is no occasion for us to interfere with the concurrent

conclusions   of   facts.     The   appeals   by   the   establishments

therefore merit no interference.  Conversely, for the same reason

the   appeal   preferred   by   the   Regional   Provident   Fund

Commissioner deserves to be allowed.

15.Resultantly, Civil Appeal No. 6221 of 2011 is allowed. Civil

Appeal Nos. 3965­66 of 2013, Civil Appeal Nos. 3967­68 of 2013,

Civil Appeal Nos. 3969­70 of 2013 and Transfer Case (C) No.19

of 2019 are dismissed.  

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.……………………….J.

 (Arun Mishra)                  

………………………..J.

   (Navin Sinha)  

New Delhi,

February 28, 2019

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