REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5835 OF 2009

(Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 31047 of 2008)

The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ….Appellants

Versus

M/s. Super Max International Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. ….Respondents

J U D G M E N T

AFTAB ALAM, J.

1.Leave granted.

2.The Government of Maharashtra, the appellant before us, is in

occupation of an area of 9000 sq. ft. (11,050 sq. ft. as per the affidavit-in-

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reply filed by the appellant) comprising the sixth floor of a building on a

monthly rental of Rs. 5236.58/-, besides water charges at the rate of Rs.

515.35/- per month. The suit premises, used for housing the office of the

Registrar Co-operative Societies is situate at Fort, opposite GPO, (near

C.S.T. Railway Station) in the heart of the city of Mumbai. The appellant is

in occupation of the suit premises since 1966. At that time the building

belonged to the Maharaja of Travancore. Respondents 1 to 3 purchased it

under a deed of assignment dated May 5, 1982 and stepped into the shoes of

the landlord.

3.The appellant suffered a decree of ejectment passed by the Court of

Small Causes on June 30, 2003 in RAE & R Suit No. 1233/3730 of 1986 on

grounds of (i) default in payment of taxes and water charges as stipulated

under section 13(3)(a) and (ii) reasonable and bona fide need of the

landlords, respondents 1 to 3 for their own use and occupation in terms of

section 13(1)(g) of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates

Control Act, 1947 (‘the Bombay Rent Act’ or ‘the Act’ hereinafter). Its

appeal (No.752/2003) against the decree was dismissed by the Division

Bench of the Small Causes Court by judgment and order dated April 28,

2005.

4.The appellant initially filed a writ petition [W.P. (C) No.7361 of

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2005] seeking to challenge the orders of ejectment. The Bombay High Court

declined to entertain it on the ground that the appellant had a remedy

available to it under the Act itself. It, accordingly, disposed of the writ

petition by order dated March 15, 2007 leaving it open to the appellant to

file a civil revision application as provided under section 35F(2) of the Act.

The appellant then moved the High Court in Civil Revision Application

No.78 of 2007 challenging the orders of its ejectment. The High Court

admitted the Civil Revision on December 10, 2007 and issued rule on

interim relief regarding stay of execution of the decree. Later on, after

hearing the parties the Court stayed the execution of the decree by order

dated October 14, 2008 subject, however, to the condition that the appellant

would deposit a sum of Rs. 5,40,000/- every month commencing from the

date of the decree passed by the trial court. The Court directed that the

amount in arrears should be deposited by January 10, 2009 and from that

date the future deposits for every month should be made by the tenth of the

next succeeding month. The Court, however, did not allow the landlords to

take away the money but further directed that the deposits would be ad-hoc

and subject to further order in the revision or in any other appropriate

proceeding. It also directed the office to invest the amount(s), in case

deposited by the appellant, in a nationalized bank, initially for a period of

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one year and then for further periods of one year each. The appellant finds

the condition on which stay is granted highly onerous. But the respondents

maintain that the Court has been very liberal with the appellant and the

amount of monthly deposit fixed by the court is far less than the current

market rent in that area.

5.Of late, orders are coming to this Court where, in cases arising from

ejectment proceedings, the High Courts, with a view to strike a balance

between the competing interests of the landlord and the tenant, pass interim

orders asking the tenant to pay to the landlord or deposit in court, as monthly

rent, certain sum fixed by it (that, according to the High Court, should be the

reasonable market rent for the tenanted premises), far in excess of the

existing monthly rent. In this case, while it was at the threshold, it was stated

before this Court that two of its Division Bench decisions, one in Atma Ram

Properties (P) Ltd. vs. Federal Motors (P) Ltd, (2005) 1 SCC 705 and the

other in Niyas Ahmad Khan vs. Mahmood Rahmat Ullah Khan, (2008) 7

SCC 539 had taken conflicting views on the correctness of such orders

passed by the High Court. The case was, accordingly, directed to be placed

before a three-Judge Bench and that is how it came to be heard before us.

6.It may be stated at the outset that just a little scrutiny revealed that

there was no conflict between Atma Ram Properties and Niyas Ahmad Khan.

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In Atma Ram Properties the tenant, having lost before the Rent Controller

preferred an appeal before the Rent Control Tribunal. The Tribunal stayed

the tenant’s eviction but subject to the condition that he would deposit in

Court Rs.15,000/- per month, in addition to the contractual rent that might

be paid directly to the landlord. The deposits made in the Court were not

permitted to be withdrawn by any of the parties until the appeal was finally

decided. The tenant challenged the condition attached to the stay order

before the High Court in a petition filed under Article 227 of the

Constitution of India. The High Court allowed the writ petition and set aside

the condition imposed by the Tribunal. The effect of the order of the High

Court was that during the pendency of the appeal before the Tribunal the

tenant would continue to remain in occupation of the suit premises “on

payment of an amount equivalent to the contractual rate of rent”. Against

the High Court order the landlord came to this Court in appeal. This Court

allowed the appeal, set aside the High Court order and restored the order

passed by the Tribunal.

7.In Niyas Ahmed Khan, the position was quite different. The landlord’s

application for eviction of the tenant on grounds of personal necessity was

turned down by the prescribed authority. The order of the prescribed

authority was confirmed by the appellate authority. The landlord challenged

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the orders passed by the two authorities under the Rent Control Act in a writ

petition filed before the Allahabad High Court and while admitting the writ

petition the Court gave an interim direction to the tenant to pay rent at the

rate of Rs. 12,050/- per month (in place of the contractual monthly rent of

Rs. 150/-). The Court further directed that if the rent fixed by it was not paid

for two consecutive months the landlord could evict the tenant by coercive

means taking the aid of police. In appeal by the tenant, this Court naturally

frowned upon the interim order passed by the High Court and in paragraph

10 of the decision observed as follows:

“10. To sum up, in writ petitions by landlords against rejection

of eviction petitions, there is no scope for issue of any interim

direction to the tenant to pay higher rent. But in writ petitions

by tenants against grant of eviction, the High Court may, as a

condition of stay, direct the tenant to pay higher rent during the

pendency of the writ petition. This again is subject to two

limitations. First, the condition should be reasonable. Second,

there should not be any bar in the respective State rent control

legislation in regard to such increases in rent. Be that as it

may.”

8.We, thus, find no inconsistency, much less any conflict in the

decisions of this Court in Atma Ram Properties and Niyas Ahmed Khan. The

decision in Niyas Ahmad Khan has no application to the facts of the present

case and it seems to be covered by the decision of the Atma Ram Properties.

9.However, Mr. U. U. Lalit, Senior Advocate appearing for the

appellant, submitted that the decision in Atma Ram Properties would apply

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only to cases under the Delhi Rent Control Act and shall have no application

to tenancies governed by the provisions of the Bombay Rent Act. Mr. Lalit

submitted that the Delhi Rent Control Act defined ‘tenant’ in a way as to

exclude a person against whom a decree of eviction was passed. Section 2(l)

of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 defined tenant as:

“2(l) "tenant" means…………but does not include, ---

(A)any person against whom an order or decree for

eviction has been made, except where such decree or

order for eviction is liable to be reopened under the

proviso to section 3 of the Delhi Rent Control

(Amendment) Act, 1976 (18 of 1976).”

10.Mr. Lalit submitted that under the Delhi Rent Control Act a tenant

suffering a decree or order of eviction lost the status of ‘tenant’ and was

consequently stripped of all the protection (including, against increase in

rent) provided by the Rent Control Act and in such a case it would be open

to the appellate or the revisional authority to enhance the monthly rent

payable by him as a condition for granting stay of execution of the decree or

order as held in Atma Ram Properties. This exclusionary clause in the

definition of tenant was a special feature of the Delhi Rent Act and the Rent

Acts of some other States, e.g. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, etc. But the

position under the Bombay Rent Act was materially different. In the

definition of "tenant" in the Bombay Act there was no exclusionary clause.

Moreover, in the Bombay Rent Act there were a number of provisions

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creating an express bar against any enhancement of rent.

11.Learned counsel then took us through various provisions of the

Bombay Rent Act. He referred to section 5(11) defining "tenant" and

emphasised that this definition did not have any exclusionary clause as in

section 2(1) of the Delhi Act. Section 5(11) of the Bombay Rent Act reads

as follows:

“5(11). "tenant" means any person by whom or on whose

account rent is payable for any premises and includes,-

(a)such sub-tenants and other persons as have derived title

under a tenant before the 1

st

day of February 1973;

(aa) any person to whom interest in premises, has been assigned

or transferred as permitted or deemed to be permitted, under

section 15;

(b)any person remaining after the determination of the lease,

in possession, with or without the assent of the landlord, of

the premises leased to such person or his predecessor who

has derived title before the first day of February 1973;

(bb) such licensees as share deemed to be tenants for the

purposes of this Act by Section 15A

(bba) the State Government, or as the case may be, the

Government allottee, referred to in sub-clause (b) of clause

(1A), deemed to be a tenant, for the purposes of this Act by

Section 15B;

(c) (i) in relation to any premises let for residence, when the

tenant dies, whether the death has occurred before or after

the commencement of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and

Lodging House Rates Control (Amendment) Act, 1978,

any member of the tenant’s family residing with the tenant

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at the time of his death or, in the absence of such member,

any heir of the deceased tenant, as may be decided in

default of agreement by the Court;

(ii) in relation to any permission let for the purposes of

education, business, trade or storage, when the tenant dies,

whether the death as occurred before or after the

commencement of the said Act, any member of the

tenant’s family using the premises for the purposes of

education of carrying on business, trade or storage in the

premises, with the tenant at the time of his death, or, in the

absence of such member, any heir of the deceased tenant,

as may be decided in default of agreement by the court.

Explanation- The provisions of this clause for transmission of

tenancy, shall not be restricted to the death of the original

tenant, but shall apply, and shall be deemed always to have

applied, even on the death of any subsequent tenant, who

becomes tenant under these provisions on the death of the last

preceding tenant.”

(emphasis added)

12.He then referred to the definition of “standard rent” as contained in

section 5(10) of the Act. The provision is as under:

“5(10). "standard rent" in relation to any premises means,-

(a) where the standard rent is fixed by the Court and the

Controller respectively under the Bombay Rent Restriction

Act, 1939, or the Bombay Rents, Hotel Rates and Lodging

House Rates (Control) Act, 1944, such standard rent; or

(b) when the standard rent is not so fixed,-

subject to the provisions of section 11,

(i) the rent at which the premises were let on the first day

of September 1940, or

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(ii) where they were not let on the first day of September

1940, the rent at which they were last let before that day,

or

(iii) where they were first let after the first day of

September 1940, the rent at which they were first let, or

(iii-a) notwithstanding anything contained in paragraph

(iii), the rent of the premises referred to in sub-section

(1-A) of section 4 shall, on expiry of the period of five

years mentioned in that sub-section, not exceed the amount

equivalent to the amount of net return of fifteen percent, on

the investment in the land and building and all the

outgoings in respect of such premises; or

(iv) on any of the cases specified in section 11,

the rent fixed by the Court.”

13.Mr. Lalit submitted that by virtue of section 5(10)(b) the standard rent

under the Bombay Rent Act was attached to the premises. It was, therefore,

constant and not subject to any revision on change in tenancy. In other

words even if the appellant ceased to be a tenant and is thrown out, the

respondents can induct another tenant only on the same “standard rent”, that

is, Rs.5236.58/- besides water charges at the rate of Rs.515.35/- per month.

He further submitted that except in circumstances as provided under sections

10 (increase in rent on account of payment of rates, etc); 10A (increase in

rent in respect of premises that were let out on or before September 1, 1940),

10B (saving increase in rent under the previous provisions from the bar of

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section 7), and 11 (increase in rent resulting from ‘standard rent’ fixed by

the court in certain cases) any increment of rent was expressly barred under

section 7 of the Act.

14.Mr. Lalit submitted that in view of section 5(11) of the Act the

appellant continued to be a tenant within the meaning of the Act

notwithstanding the decrees of ejectment passed by the Small Causes Court.

It, therefore, followed that the appellant enjoyed all the protections provided

under the Act and in light of the provisions referred to above any direction to

pay, as monthly rent, any amount in excess of the standard rent was contrary

to law and unsustainable.

15.Before proceeding to examine Mr. Lalit’s submissions we may

observe that earlier a three-Judge Bench of this Court in Malpe Vishwanath

Acharya & Ors. vs. State of Maharashtra & Anr., (1998) 2 SCC 1, found

and held that the provisions of the Bombay Rent Act relating to the

determination and fixation of ‘standard rent’ can no longer be considered to

be reasonable. The only reason why, despite the finding, the Court did not

strike down those provisions was that the Bombay Rent Act was to come to

an end on March 31, 1998 and the Court was informed that the State was in

the process of enacting a new Rent Control Act that would be just and fair

and would follow the National Model Law that was circulated by the Central

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Government in 1992. After the decision of the Court in Malpe Vishwanath

Acharya the Bombay Rent Act was indeed replaced by the Maharashtra Rent

Control Act, 1999 that came into force with effect from March 31, 2000.

But Mr. Rohatgi, learned Senior counsel appearing for the respondents,

strongly contended that the Maharashtra Rent Control Act completely belied

the hopes expressed by the Court under which it had refrained from striking

down the offending provisions in the Bombay Rent Act. Mr. Rohatgi

submitted that the Maharashtra Rent Control Act merely brought about some

cosmetic changes but retained the substance of the earlier Bombay Rent Act.

Referring to the definition of “standard rent” in section 7(14) of the

Maharashtra Rent Control Act, Mr. Rohatgi submitted that it merely shifted

the date from September 1, 1940 to October 1, 1987 for pegging the standard

rent which continued to be attached to the premises and was not amenable to

any revision on change of tenancy.

16.The issue of reasonableness of the provisions of the Maharashtra Rent

Control Act, 1999 or the Bombay Rent Act do not arise in this case and,

therefore, we refrain from making any observations in that regard but we do

feel that the reasonableness or otherwise of the provisions of the

Maharashtra Rent Control Act may have to be seriously examined by this

Court in an appropriate case.

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17.Coming back to the case in hand, Mr. Lalit argued that in spite of the

decrees of eviction passed by competent courts, the appellant continued to

be a "tenant" within the meaning of the Bombay Rent Act until, in execution

of the decree it was physically evicted from the suit premises. The tenancy

did not come to end on the passing of the decree but would continue as long

as the appellant was in actual physical possession of the suit premises; a

priori it enjoyed all the protection under the Bombay Rent Act and specially

those laying down the bar against any increase in rent. In support of the

contention he relied upon two sets of decisions, one on the issue of

heritability of tenancy under the Rent Acts and the other on the question

whether a tenant could be evicted on the basis of a decree made under the

general law in case after the decree was passed the rented premises came to

be covered by the Rent Act. The first set comprises three decisions of this

Court in (i) Damadilal & Ors. vs. Parashram & Ors., (1976) 4 SCC 855, (ii)

Ganpat Ladha vs. Shashi Kant Vishnu Shinde, (1978) 2 SCC 573 and (iii)

Gian Devi Anand vs. Jeevan Kumar (1985) 2 SCC 683. The second set also

has three decisions. Those are (i) Mani Subrat Jain vs. Raja Ram Vohra,

(1980) 1 SCC 1, (ii) H. Shiva Rao vs. Cecilia Pereira (1987) 1 SCC 258 and

(iii) Dilip vs. Mohd. Azizul Haq & Anr., (2000) 3 SCC 607.

18.Dealing with the three decisions in the first set, Mr. Lalit submitted

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that Damadilal fully supported his contention. The decision in Ganpat

Ladha took a contrary view but later in Gian Devi Anand a Constitution

Bench overruled Ganpat Ladha and approved Damadilal thus, reinforcing

the submission made on behalf of the appellant.

19.The case of Damadilal arose under the Madhya Pradesh

Accommodation Control Act, 1961. The suit premise was a house in a bazar

that was let out to the two defendants (the tenants) for business purposes.

The question that arose in the case was whether on the death of the two

tenants during the pendency of their second appeal before the High Court,

their respective heirs and legal representatives had the right to get

themselves substituted in place of the original appellants-tenants and pursue

the reliefs sought for by them. The High Court permitted substitution and

eventually allowed the second appeal, setting aside the eviction decrees

passed by the courts below. The High Court judgment was challenged before

this Court in appeal. One of the grounds on which the High Court judgment

was assailed by the appellants-landlords was that after their contractual

tenancy was determined the two original tenants were reduced to the status

of statutory tenants having no heritable interest in the demised premises and

on their death the right to prosecute their appeal did not survive for their

heirs and legal representatives. In support of the contention reliance was

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placed on two earlier decisions of the Court in Anand Nivas (Private) Ltd.

vs. Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi (1964) 4 SCR 892 (arising under Bombay Rents,

Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947) and Jagdish Chander

Chatterjee vs. Sri Kishan (1973) 1 SCR 850 [arising under the Rajasthan

Premises (Control of Rent and Eviction) Act, 1950]. A three-Judge Bench of

this Court rejected the contention raised on behalf of the appellants. The

decision in Damadilal pointed out that the term ‘statutory tenancy’ was

borrowed from the English Rent Acts and along with the expression certain

legal notions, peculiar to the English Common Law, had also found their

way in some Indian decisions though those concepts had no basis in the Rent

Acts of this country. The Court observed that the courts in England had held

that a statutory tenant had no estate or property in the occupied premises

since he retained possession by virtue of the Rent Act(s) and not as being

entitled to tenancy. It was said that he had only a personal right to remain in

occupation, the statutory right of “irremovability and nothing more”. The

position in this country, however, was quite different. In paragraph 11 of the

decision it was observed as follows:

“We find it difficult to appreciate how in this country we can

proceed on the basis that a tenant whose contractual tenancy

has determined but who is protected against eviction by the

statute, has no right of property but only a personal right to

remain in occupation, without ascertaining what his rights are

under the statute. The concept of a statutory tenant having no

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estate or property in the premises which he occupies is derived

from the provisions of the English Rent Acts. But it is not clear

how it can be assumed that the position is the same in this

country without any reference to the provisions of the relevant

statute. Tenancy has its origin in contract. There is no dispute

that a contractual tenant has an estate or property in the subject-

matter of the tenancy, and heritability is an incident of the

tenancy. It cannot be assumed, however, that with the

determination of the tenancy the estate must necessarily

disappear and the statute can only preserve his status of

irremovability and not the estate he had in the premises in his

occupation. It is not possible to claim that the ‘sanctity’ of

contract cannot be touched by legislation. It is therefore

necessary to examine the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh

Accommodation Control Act, 1961 to find out whether the

respondents’ predecessors-in-interest retained a heritable

interest in the disputed premises even after the termination of

their tenancy”

20.The decision then went on to examine section 2(i) of the Madhya

Pradesh Accommodation Control Act that defined ‘tenant’ and section 14

that provided for restrictions on subletting and held that those provisions

supported the view taken by the Court that the statutory tenant retained as

much interest in the demised premises as a contractual tenant.

21.The case of Ganpat Ladha arose under the Bombay Rents, Hotel and

Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 and the premises from which the

tenant was sought to be evicted was a shop let out to him for business

purpose. The trial court and the appellate court decreed the suit on the

findings that the tenant had failed to make payment of the arrears of rent

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even after a valid notice of demand was given to him by the landlord and

further that he was not entitled to the protection of section 12(3)(b) of the

Act. The tenant challenged the decrees passed by the courts below before the

High Court in an application under Article 227 of the Constitution. During

the pendency of the writ petition before the High Court the tenant died and

her son was impleaded in her place to pursue the reliefs prayed for in the

writ petition. The High Court eventually allowed the writ petition on the

ground that despite the default in payment of arrears of rent, the trial court

could exercise its discretion in favour of the tenant and decline to pass a

decree of eviction. The matter finally came to this Court in appeal preferred

by landlord. A three-Judge Bench of the Court allowed the appeal inter alia

holding that after the death of the original tenant her son could not claim to

be a tenant within the meaning of the Act. The decision in Ganpat Ladha is

based entirely on interpretation of the definition of ‘tenant’ under the

Bombay Rent Act. The Court noticed section 5(11) defining tenant and

reproduced the section insofar as it was relevant to the case as follows:

“5. (11) ‘tenant’ means any person by whom or on whose

account rent is payable for any premises and includes-

(a). . . . .

(b). . . . .

(c)any member of the tenant’s family residing with him at

the time of his death as may be decided in default of

agreement by the Court”

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22.The Court held that section 5(11)(c) restricted the heritability of

tenancy only to a member of the tenant’s family who might be residing with

him at the time of his death. This in turn implied that heritability of tenancy

was confined only to residential premises and the benefit could not be

extended to business premises. The Court held as follows:

“This principle underlying the enactment of Section 5(11)(c)

also goes to indicate that it is in respect of residential premises

that the protection of that section is intended to be given. We

can appreciate a provision being made in respect of business

premises that on the death of a tenant in respect of such

premises, any member of the tenant’s family carrying on

business with the tenant in such premises at the time of his

death shall be a tenant and the protection of the Rent Act shall

be available to him. But we fail to see what purpose the

legislature could have had in view in according protection in

respect of business premises to a member of the tenant’s family

residing with him at the time of his death. The basic postulate

of protection under the Rent Act is that the person who is

sought to be protected must be in possession of the premises

and his possession is protected by the legislation. But in case of

business premises, a member of the family of tenants residing

with him at the time of his death may not be in possession of

the business premises”

23.In Ganpat Ladha this Court approved the decision of the Gujarat High

Court in Parubai Manilal Brahmin vs. Baldevdas Zaverbhai Tapodhan

(1964) 5 Guj LR 563 and in support of the view taken by it also cited the

amendment introduced by the Gujarat Legislature in section 5(11)(c) of the

Bombay Rent Act. It needs to be stated here that in Ganpat Ladha the earlier

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decision in Damadilal was not brought to the notice of the Court and the

Court did not go into the question whether a tenant on his death left behind

any heritable estate or interest in the tenanted premises.

24.Gian Devi is a decision by a Constitution Bench of five Judges. The

case arose under the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 and the tenanted premises

was once again a shop. The question that the Court framed for its

consideration was as under:

“To state it more precisely, the question is whether the heirs of

a deceased tenant whose contractual tenancy in respect of

commercial premises has been determined, are entitled to the

same protection against eviction afforded by the Act of the

tenant”

25.In this case, the Constitution Bench considered both the earlier

decisions in Damadilal and in Ganpat Ladha. It also considered the earlier

seven-Judge Bench decision in V. Dhanapal Chettiar vs. Yesodai Ammal

(1980) 1 SCR 334 besides several other decision of the Court. In Gian Devi,

as in Damadilal, the Court observed that the expression statutory tenant was

used in English Rent Acts and the concept that a statutory tenant had no

estate or interest in the demised premises was peculiar to the English Law. It

had no basis in the provisions of the Rent Acts of the different States of this

country. Referring to the earlier decision in Damadilal in paragraph 25 of

the judgment the Court observed as follows:

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“This Court has very aptly observed in Damadilal case that it

cannot be assumed that with the determination of the tenancy,

the estate must necessarily disappear and the statute can only

preserve the status of irremovability and not the estate he has in

the premises in his occupation”

In the same paragraph, the decision reproduced Section 2(l) of the Delhi

Rent Control Act that defined tenant both as it stood prior to and after its

amendment by Act 18 of 1976 and observed as follows:

“It is, therefore, clear from the definition of tenant, whether in

the original Act or in the amended Act, that the tenant within

the meaning of the definition of the term in the Act includes

any person continuing in possession after the termination of his

tenancy. It will be seen that the definition of tenant in Madhya

Pradesh Accommodation Control Act, 1961 on which the

decision in Damadilal case mainly turns, is similar to the

definition of tenant as given in the Delhi Act in the sense that

the tenant under both the Acts includes for the purpose of Rent

Act any person continuing in possession after the termination

of tenancy.”

(emphasis added)

In this regard in paragraph 31 of the decision, it observed as follows:

“The very premise, on the basis of which the argument is

advanced, is, in our opinion, unsound. The termination of the

contractual tenancy in view of the definition of tenant in the Act

does not bring about any change in the status and legal position

of the tenant, unless there are contrary provisions in the Act;

and, the tenant notwithstanding the termination of tenancy does

enjoy an estate or interest in the tenanted premises. This interest

or estate which the tenant under the Act despite termination of

the contractual tenancy continues to enjoy creates a heritable

interest in the absence of any provision to the contrary. We

have earlier noticed the decision of this Court in Damadilal

case. This view has been taken by this Court in Damadilal case

20

and in our opinion this decision represents the correct position

in law. The observations of this Court in the decision of the

seven-Judge Bench in the case of V. Dhanapal Chettiar vs.

Yesodai Ammal which we have earlier quoted appear to

conclude the question.”

In paragraph 33 of the decision the Court expressed its inability to agree

with the observations made by the three-Judge bench in Ganpat Ladha and

in paragraph 35 it stated more explicitly that the view expressed by the

Court in Ganpat Ladha and the observations made therein do not lay down

the correct law.

26.In conclusion the Constitution Bench, in paragraph 36 of the decision,

held and observed as follows:

“Accordingly, we hold that the Rent Act in question defines a

tenant in substance to mean ‘a tenant who continues to remain

in possession even after the termination of the contractual

tenancy till a decree for eviction against him is passed’, the

tenant even after the determination of the tenancy continues to

have an estate or interest in the tenanted premises and the

tenancy rights both in respect of residential premises and

commercial premises are heritable. The heirs of the deceased

tenant in the absence of any provision in the Rent Act to the

contrary will step into the position of the deceased tenant and

all the rights and obligations of the deceased tenant including

the protection afforded to the deceased tenant under the Act

will devolve on the heirs of the deceased tenant. As the

protection afforded by the Rent Act to a tenant after

determination of the tenancy and to his heirs on the death of

such tenant is a creation of the Act for the benefit of the tenants,

it is open to the Legislature which provides for such protection

to make appropriate provisions in the Act with regard to the

nature and extent of the benefit and protection to be enjoyed

and the manner in which the same is to be enjoyed. If the

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Legislature makes any provision in the Act limiting or

restricting the benefit and the nature of the protection to be

enjoyed in a specified manner by any particular class of heirs of

the deceased tenant on any condition laid down being fulfilled,

the benefit of the protection has necessarily to be enjoyed on

the fulfillment of the condition in the manner and to the extent

stipulated in the Act. The Legislature which by the Rent Act

seeks to confer the benefit on the tenants and to afford

protection against eviction, is perfectly competent to make

appropriate provision regulating the nature of protection and the

manner and extent of enjoyment of such tenancy rights after the

termination of contractual tenancy of the tenant including the

rights and the nature of protection of the heirs on the death of

the tenant. Such appropriate provision maybe made by the

Legislature both with regard to the residential tenancy and

commercial tenancy. It is, however, entirely for the Legislature

to decide whether the Legislature will make such provision or

not. In the absence of any provision regulating the right of

inheritance, and the manner and the extent thereof and in the

absence of any condition being stipulated with regard to the

devolution of tenancy rights on the heirs on the death of the

tenant, the devolution of tenancy rights must necessarily be in

accordance with the ordinary law of succession.”

27.On the basis of the decisions in Damadilal and Gian Devi Anand Mr.

Lalit strongly contended that when a tenant, having suffered a decree of

eviction, on his death left behind sufficient protection under the law for his

heirs and legal representatives to step into his shoes and resist the eviction

sought for by the landlord how can it be that a tenant suffering a decree of

eviction would himself lose the statutory protection against increase in rent.

The submission is indeed attractive but a little scrutiny would show that it is

quite misconceived. It may be recalled that the decision in Damidilal was

22

under the Madhya Pradesh Accommodation Control Act, 1961 and Gian

Devi Anand under the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958. In both the Acts the

definition of "tenant" had the qualification that Mr. Lalit termed as the

exclusionary clause:

“ "tenant" means…………but does not include, ---

(A) any person against whom an order or decree for

eviction has been made”

In both the decisions, the definition of "tenant" as appearing in the Madhya

Pradesh and the Delhi Acts respectively were reproduced. But for some

reason, in those two decisions, the Court did not take any notice of that part

of the definition. In the Constitution Bench decision in Gian Devi Anand,

after reproducing in full the definition of tenant as contained in section 2(l)

of the Delhi Rent Control Act, the Court observed (at the end of paragraph

25):

“It is therefore, clear from the definition of tenant, whether in

the original Act or in the amended Act, that the tenant within

the meaning of the definition of the term in the Act includes

any person continuing in possession after the termination of his

tenancy.”

It is, thus, to be seen that the Court noticed that a person who continued to

be in possession after termination of his (contractual) tenancy was covered

by the definition of tenant but did not pay any attention to the latter part of

the definition that excluded any person against whom an order or decree of

23

eviction had been made.

28.Here, it may further be recalled that the decision in Atma Ram

Properties was also under the Delhi Rent Control Act. Hence, if the

submissions of Mr. Lalit are to be accepted then it would follow that Atma

Ram Properties was wrongly decided. But Mr. Lalit himself did not take that

position (and he could not have taken that position!). He only tried to

distinguish the decision in Atma Ram Properties by contending that it would

not apply to a case under the Bombay Rent Act because in that Act the

definition of "tenant" was materially different. The distinction sought to be

made by the learned counsel, thus, appears to be unfounded and the

submission seems to be inconsistent.

29.But the basic flaw in the submission is that it overlooks that the

decisions in Damadilal and Gian Devi Anand were rendered in a totally

different context. In those two decisions the Court proceeded on the basis

that the determination of contractual tenancy did not extinguish the rights of

the tenant. Under the Rent Act the tenant continued to retain his estate and

interests in the demised premises that, after his death, devolved upon his

heirs and legal representatives. Further, in both Damadilal and Gian Devi

Anand the underlying concern of the Court was to save the heirs and legal

representatives of the deceased tenants from two misfortunes befalling them

24

at the same time; one, the death of the bread winner and the other, the loss of

the bread altogether as a consequence of the closure of business resulting

from ejectment from the tenanted business premises. In Ganpat Ladha a

three-Judge Bench of the Court had held that (under the Bombay Rent Act)

the devolution of tenancy could take place only in case of residential

premises and not in case of business premises. Disagreeing with that view

the Constitution Bench in Gian Devi Anand (in paragraph 34 of the decision)

observed as follows:

“The death of the person who happens to be the tenant of the

commercial premises and who was running the business out of

the income of which the family used to be maintained, is itself a

great loss to the members of the family to whom the death,

naturally, comes as a great blow. Usually, on the death of the

person who runs the business and maintains his family out of

the income of the business, the other members of the family

who suffer the bereavement have necessarily to carry on the

business for the maintenance and support of the family. A

running business is indeed a very valuable asset and often a

great source of comfort to the family as the business keeps the

family going.………… The Legislature could never have

possibly intended that with the death of a tenant of the

commercial premises, the business carried on by the tenant,

however flourishing it may be and even if the same constituted

the source of livelihood of the members of the family, must

necessarily come to an end on the death of the tenant, only

because the tenant died after the contractual tenancy had been

terminated. It could never have been the intention of the

Legislature that the entire family of a tenant depending upon

the business carried on by the tenant will be completely

stranded and the business carried on for years in the premises

which had been let out to the tenant must stop functioning at the

premises which the heirs of the deceased tenant must

25

necessarily vacate, as they are afforded no protection under the

Act.”

30.In light of the discussion above we are of the considered view that the

appellant in this case cannot derive any support from the decisions of this

Court in Damadilal and Gian Devi Anand.

31.Coming now to the second set of decisions, the case of Mani Subrat

Jain arose from an order of the appellant’s eviction in execution of a decree

made against him. The appellant was an advocate and thus belonged to a

‘scheduled’ class of tenants whose dwellings enjoyed special protection

under the East Punjab Rent Restriction Act, 1949. In a suit filed by the

respondent-landlord for recovery of possession of the demised premises the

appellant entered into a compromise and agreed to vacate the premises by a

certain date on certain terms regarding rent etc. The Court passed a consent

decree on the basis of the agreement entered into by the parties. The decree

was passed on October 9, 1972. Shortly thereafter the area of application of

the East Punjab Rent Restriction Act, 1949 was extended and with effect

from November4, 1992 it came to apply to Chandigarh (where the rented

property was situated). The appellant did not vacate the premises as agreed

and the decree was put to execution. The execution court ordered eviction

and the order was affirmed by all the superior courts till the matter finally

reached this Court. Before this Court, the appellant took the stand that the

26

rented premises having come under the Rent Control Act he could not be

ejected on the basis of a decree passed earlier. The Court found that the

decision of the case would turn on the question whether or not the appellant

was covered by the definition of tenant under the Rent Act and observed as

follows:

“The salvation of the appellant is certain if he be a ‘tenant’

within the meaning of the Act. His eviction is certain if the

definition ‘tenant’ does not ensconce him in its amplitude.”

32.The Court then, brushing aside the precedents cited by the two sides,

proceeded to examine the question in light of section 2(i) (containing the

definition of ‘tenant’) and section 13 (laying down the grounds on which

alone a tenant could be evicted) and reproduced the two provisions as

follows:

“2 (i) ‘tenant’ means any person by whom or on whose account

rent is payable for a building or rented land and includes a

tenant continuing in possession after the termination of the

tenancy in his favour, but does not include a person placed in

occupation of a building or rented land by its tenant, unless

with the consent in writing of the landlord, or a person to whom

the collection of rent or fees in a public market, cart-stand or

slaughter house or of rents for shops has been framed out or

leased by a municipal, town or notified area committee.

13. Eviction of tenants- (1) A tenant in possession of a

building or rented land shall not be evicted therefrom in

execution of a decree passed before or after the

commencement of this Act or otherwise and whether before

or after the termination of the tenancy, except in accordance

27

with the provisions of this section, or in pursuance of an order

made under Section 13 of the Punjab Urban Rent Restriction

Act, 1947, as subsequently amended.”

(emphasis in the original)

33.Having thus taken note of the two provisions, the Court arrived at the

inevitable conclusion as follows:

“The expression ‘tenant’ includes ‘a tenant continuing in

possession after the termination of the tenancy in his favour’. It

thus includes, by express provision, a quondam tenant whose

nexus with the property is continuance in possession. The fact

that a decree or any other process extinguishes the tenancy

under the general law of real property does not terminate the

status of a tenant under the Act having regard to the carefully

drawn inclusive clause.”

It, however, appears that the parties entered into yet another agreement while

the matter was pending before this Court and hence, the operative order in

the judgment reads as follows:

“Krishna Iyer, J.- The judgment having been delivered

counsel for the respondent represented that the Agreement,

which has been made and appendixed to the judgment, be

treated as an undertaking mutually between the parties to the

Court. Counsel on both sides have no objection to this course

and so we record the Agreement incorporated in the judgment

as an undertaking to the Court made by the parties in regard to

their respective obligations.”

34.Interestingly in Mani Subrat Jain the very first sentence of the

judgment gives sufficient indication how the decision is going to end up.

Krishna Iyer, J. writing for the Court in his inimitably grandiloquent style

28

started the judgment by referring to the “Holmesian homily” and thereby

making it clear that the Court would bestow its “humane attention” on the

matter not through logic but on the basis of “experience”. From the start to

the end the Court made clear its intent to stand firmly by the side of the

tenant. We may concede that the tenant who was also an advocate was

entitled to be doubly protected by the law. We may also try to comprehend

the legalese of the debate as reflected in the judgment. But we have real

problem in following the message the decision in Mani Subrat Jain gave to

the ordinary man. That to go back on one’s solemn word given to the other

side before a Court of law is no sin. On the contrary one may derive rich

dividend before the highest Court of the land, provided one is a tenant. To,

sometimes, divorce logic from the law is one thing but to divorce morality

altogether from the law is something quite different.

35.The case of H. Shiva Rao v. Cecilia Pereira arose on facts very

similar to the case of Mani Subrat Jain (except that in this case the decree of

eviction was passed on contest and not on the basis of any agreement

between the parties). Following the earlier decision in Mani Subrat Jain this

Court allowed the tenant’s appeal and held that he could not be evicted in

execution of the decree since after the decree was made the rented premises

came under the Karnataka Rent Control Act as a result of the territorial

29

extension in regard to the application of the Act. In H. Shiva Rao too the

Court’s strong sympathy for the tenant is evident from paragraphs 5 and 7 of

the judgment.

36.Dilip vs. Mohd. Azizul Haq is the third and the last decision in the

second set of decisions cited by Mr. Lalit. In this case the High Court had

taken the view that an appeal preferred by the tenant against a decree of

eviction passed by the trial court was not covered by the expression “in a

suit or proceeding filed and pending against the tenant in any court or before

any authority” as occurring in clause 13-A of the C.P. and Berar Letting of

Houses Rent Control order, 1949. Clause 13-A of the order was as follows:

“No decree for eviction shall be passed in a suit or proceeding

filed and pending against the tenant in any court or before any

authority unless the landlord produces a written permission of

the Controller as required by sub-clause (1) of clause 13”

This Court reversed the High Court decision relying on some earlier

decisions and holding that an appeal, even though filed by the tenant, was a

continuation of the suit and hence, covered by the expression used in clause

13-A. The decision in Dilip also referred to the earlier decision in H. Shiva

Rao but this decision does not seem to have any relevance to the case in

hand.

37.It is not difficult to distinguish the decisions in Mani Subrat Jain and

H. Shiva Rao from the case in hand. Once the tenanted premises came under

30

the Rent Act the tenant could only be evicted on the basis of a decree passed

under the Rent Act. But unlike the present appellant, the tenants in Mani

Subrat Jain and H. Shiva Rao had not suffered any decree under the

respective Rent Acts.

38.It needs to be stated here that the decisions relied upon by Mr. Lalit

are undoubtedly binding precedents for the respective issues decided in

those cases but it is not possible to stretch those decisions in support of the

point canvassed by him. We must also state here that on the basis of the

aforementioned decisions Mr. Lalit was able to build up a persuasive

argument. But in the larger perspective and with the change in times we find

the submissions quite inacceptable. Here it is important to bear in mind that

all the decisions relied upon by Mr. Lalit, from Damadilal to H. Shiva Rao

were rendered between 1976 to 1986 during the period when, to put it

mildly, the Court used to be overly protective of the tenant and for good

reasons too because that is the apparent thrust of the Rent Act. The Rent Act

was the socio-legal response to certain historical developments, namely, the

acute shortage of housing in the aftermath of the World War, the great influx

of refugees in a number of States of the Union following the partition of the

country and the massive migration inside the country from rural areas to the

urban centres as a result of rapid urbanisation. All these developments that

31

took place almost at the same time skewed the law of supply and demand

totally in favour of the landlord. The need of the hour, therefore, was to

protect the tenant, who would have otherwise been left completely at the

mercy of the landlord. The legislature intervened and brought in the Rent

Act, severely restricting the grounds for enhancement of rent and for

eviction of the tenant from the rented premises, thus regulating the

relationship between the landlord and the tenant beyond the general law

under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. In this regard the Court responded

in equal, if not greater measures. But after about three quarters of a century

and three generations later when things are no longer the same and the urban

centres are faced with newer problems, some of those having their origin in

the Rent Act itself, there is the need to take a re-look on the Court’s attitude

towards the relationship between the landlord and the tenant and to provide

for a more level ground in the judicial arena.

39.The way this Court has been looking at the relationship between the

Landlord and the Tenant in the past and the shift in the Court’s approach in

recent times have been examined in some detail in the decision in Satyawati

Sharma vs. Union of India & Anr., (2008) 5 SCC 287. In that decision one

of us (Singhvi, J.) speaking for the Court referred to a number of earlier

decisions of the Court and (in paragraph 12 of the judgment) observed as

32

follows:

“Before proceeding further we consider it necessary to observe

that there has been definite shift in the Court’s approach while

interpreting the rent control legislations. An analysis of the

judgments of 1950s to early 1990s would indicate that in

majority of cases the courts heavily leaned in favour of an

interpretation which would benefit the tenant- Mohinder Kumar

vs. State of Haryana

1

, Prabhakaran Nair vs. State of T.N.

2

,

D.C. Bhatia vs. Union of India

3

and C.N. Rudramurthy vs. K.

Barkathulla Khan

4

. In these and other cases, the Court

consistently held that the paramount object of every rent control

legislation is to provide safeguards for tenants against

exploitation by landlords who seek to take undue advantage of

the pressing need for accommodation of a large number of

people looking for a house on rent for residence or business in

the background of acute scarcity thereof. However, a different

trend is clearly discernible in the later judgments.”

40.He then referred to some later decisions and (in paragraph 14 of the

judgment) quoted a passage from the decision in Joginder Pal vs. Naval

Kishore Behal (2002) 5 SCC 397, to the following effect:

“… The courts have to adopt a reasonable and balanced

approach while interpreting rent control legislations starting

with an assumption that an equal treatment has been meted out

to both the sections of the society. In spite of the overall

balance tilting in favour of the tenants, while interpreting such

of the provisions as take care of the interest of the landlord the

court should not hesitate in leaning in favour of the landlords.

Such provisions are engrafted in rent control legislations to

take care of those situations where the landlords too are weak

and feeble and feel humble.”

(emphasis in original)

1

(1985) 4 SCC 221

2

(1987) 4 SCC 238

3

(1995) 1 SCC 104

4

(1998) 8 SCC 275

33

41.Commenting upon the Full Bench decision of the Delhi High Court

that had upheld the Constitutional validity of section 14(1)(e) of the Delhi

Rent Control Act and that came under challenge in Satyawati Sharma,

Singhvi, J. (in paragraph 29 of the judgment) observed as follows:

“… It is significant to note that the Full Bench did not, at all,

advert to the question whether the reason/cause which supplied

rationale to the classification continued to subsist even after

lapse of 44 years and whether the tenants of premises let for

non-residential purposes should continue to avail the benefit of

implicit exemption from eviction in the case of bona fide

requirement of the landlord despite see-saw change in the

housing scenario in Delhi and substantial increase in the

availability of buildings and premises which could be let for

non -residential or commercial purposes.”

42.The decision in Satyawati Sharma then referred to the doctrine of

temporal reasonableness and in paragraph 32 observed as follows:

“It is trite to say that legislation which may be quite reasonable

and rational at the time of its enactment may with the lapse of

time and/or due to change of circumstances become arbitrary,

unreasonable and violative of the doctrine of equality and even

if the validity of such legislation may have been upheld at a

given point of time, the Court may, in subsequent litigation,

strike down the same if it is found that the rationale of

classification has become non-existent.”

43.We reaffirm the views expressed in Satyawati Sharma and emphasise

34

the need for a more balanced and objective approach to the relationship

between the landlord and tenant. This is not to say that the Court should lean

in favour of the landlord but merely that there is no longer any room for the

assumption that all tenants, as a class, are in dire circumstances and in

desperate need of the Court’s protection under all circumstances. (The case

of the present appellant who is in occupation of an area of 9000 sq. ft. in a

building, situate at Fort, Mumbai on a rental of Rs. 5236.58/-, plus water

charges at the rate of Rs. 515.35/- per month more than amply highlights the

point)

44.With the perspective thus adjusted all the submissions made by Mr.

Lalit on behalf of the appellant have a simple answer. The interim order of

the High Court asking the appellant to deposit Rs.5, 40,000/- from the date

of the decree as condition for stay of the execution of the decree of

ejectment has to be seen as one single package. The appellant may or may

not accept the order as a whole. But it is not open to it to accept the order in

so far as it stays the execution of the decree and to question the condition

attached to it. In an appeal or revision, stay of execution of the decree(s)

passed by the court(s) below cannot be asked for as of right. While admitting

the appeal or revision, it is perfectly open to the court, to decline to grant any

stay or to grant stay subject to some reasonable condition. In case stay is not

35

granted or in case the order of stay remains inoperative for failure to satisfy

the condition subject to which it is granted, the tenant-in-revision will not

have the protection of any of the provisions under the Rent Act relied upon

by Mr. Lalit and in all likelihood would be evicted before the revision is

finally decided. In the event the revision is allowed later on, the tenant’s

remedy would be only by way of restitution.

45.In Atma Ram Properties the Court viewed the issue exactly in the

same way (See paragraphs 6, 8 & 9 of the decision). Further, the decision

also answers Mr. Lalit’s submission that the tenancy did not come to end on

the passing of the decree but would continue until the tenant was actually

physically evicted from the premises in execution of the decree. In Atma

Ram Properties the Court framed two issues arising for consideration as

follows:

“This submission raises the following two issues: (i) in respect

of premises enjoying the protection of rent control legislation,

when does the tenancy terminate; and (ii) up to what point of

time is the tenant liable to pay rent at the contractual rate and

when does he become liable to pay compensation for use and

occupation of the tenancy premises unbound by the contractual

rate of rent to the landlord?”

The Court answered the first issue as follows:

“We are, therefore, of the opinion that the tenant having

suffered a decree or order for eviction may continue his fight

before the superior forum but, on the termination of the

proceedings and the decree or order of eviction first passed

36

having been maintained, the tenancy would stand terminated

with effect from the date of the decree passed by the lower

forum. In the case of premises governed by rent control

legislation, the decree of eviction on being affirmed, would be

determinative of the date of termination of tenancy and the

decree of affirmation passed by the superior forum at any

subsequent stage or date, would not, by reference to the

doctrine of merger have the effect of postponing the date of

termination of tenancy.”

The second issue was answered as follows:

“With effect from that date (the passing of the decree of

eviction), the tenant is liable to pay mesne profits or

compensation for use and occupation of the premises at the

same rate at which the landlord would have been able to let out

the premises and earn rent if the tenant would have vacated the

premises. The landlord is not bound by the contractual rate of

rent effective for the period preceding the date of the decree.”

(words in parenthesis added)

We are in respectful agreement with the decision of the Court in Atma Ram

Properties.

46.In light of the discussions made above we hold that in an appeal or

revision preferred by a tenant against a order or decree of an eviction passed

under the Rent Act it is open to the appellate or the revisional Court to stay

the execution of the order or the decree on terms, including a direction to

pay monthly rent at a rate higher than the contractual rent. Needless to say

that in fixing the amount subject to payment of which the execution of the

order/ decree is stayed, the Court would exercise restraint and would not fix

37

any excessive, fanciful or punitive amount.

47.In the case in hand, the High Court has fixed the amount of Rs.

5,40,000/- per month with reference to the Stamp Duty Ready Reckoner and

hence, its reasonableness cannot be doubted. In fairness to Mr. Lalit he did

not challenge the fixation of the amount on that ground.

48.Before concluding the decision one more question needs to be

addressed: what would be the position if the tenant’s appeal/revision is

allowed and the eviction decree is set aside? In that event, naturally, the

status quo ante would be restored and the tenant would be entitled to get

back all the amounts that he was made to pay in excess of the contractual

rent. That being the position, the amount fixed by the court over and above

the contractual monthly rent, ordinarily, should not be directed to be paid to

the landlord during the pendency of the appeal/revision. The deposited

amount, along with the accrued interest, should only be paid after the final

disposal to either side depending upon the result of the case. In case for

some reason the Court finds it just and expedient that the amount fixed by it

should go to the landlord even while the matter is pending, it must be careful

to direct payment to the landlord on terms so that in case the final decision

goes in favour of the tenant the payment should be made to him without any

undue delay or complications.

38

49.In light of the discussions made above, we find the order of the High

Court just and proper, calling for no interference by this Court. We find no

merit in the appeal. It is, accordingly, dismissed with costs.

……………………………………J.

[B.N. AGRAWAL]

……………………………………J.

[G.S. SINGHVI]

……………………………………J.

[AFTAB ALAM]

New Delhi,

August 27, 2009.

39