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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. _______OF 2022

ARISING OUT OF SLP (CRL) NO. 1568 OF 2022

VIJAY RAJMOHAN ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

STATE REPRESENTED BY THE INSPECTOR

OF POLICE, CBI, ACB, CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU ...RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA , J.J.

1. Leave Granted.

2. Two important questions of law arise for consideration in this

appeal. The first question is whether an order of the Appointing

Authority granting sanction for prosecution of a public servant

under Section 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988

1, would

be rendered illegal on the ground of acting as per dictation if it

consults the Central Vigilance Commission for its decision. The

second question is whether the period of three months (extendable

1

hereinafter referred to as ‘the PC Act’.

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by one more month for legal consultation

2) for the Appointing

Authority to decide upon a request for sanction is mandatory or

not. The further question in this context, is whether the criminal

proceedings can be quashed if the decision is not taken within the

mandatory period.

Facts leading to the filing of this Appeal

3. The Appellant challenges the order of the High Court of

Judicature at Madras

3 allowing a criminal revision petition filed by

the State against an order of the Trial Court

4, discharging the

Appellant on the ground that the order of sanction under Section

19 of the PC Act, is vitiated due to non-application of mind by the

sanctioning authority.

4. The Appellant is an official of the Central Secretarial Service,

Government of India. During the period between 01.01.2005 to

31.10.2012, when his official postings were in New Delhi and

Bangalore, he is alleged to have acquired assets that were

disproportionate to his known sources of income. As of 31.12.2012,

he and his relatives were found to be in possession of

disproportionate assets to the tune of Rs. 79,17,593/-. An FIR came

2

As per the 2018 Amendment through the 2

nd

Proviso to Section 19(1) of the PC Act.

3

Criminal Revision Petition No. 349 of 2019 dated 06.01.2022.

4

Criminal Misc. Petition No. 3908 of 2018 in C.C. No. 3 of 2018 dated 13.12.2018.

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to be registered on 20.11.2012 by the Central Bureau of

Investigation

5 against the Appellant, his father, and his mother

under Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860

6, read with

Sections 13(1)(e) and 13(2) of the PC Act.

5. On 08.09.2015, the CBI completed investigation and sought

sanction from the appointing authority, the Department of

Personnel and Training

7, for prosecuting the Appellant. As the

questions arising for consideration relate to the manner and the

time taken for granting sanction for prosecution, the relevant facts

will have to be mentioned in detail. They are as follows.

6. About two months after receiving the proposal for sanction,

on 26.11.2015, the DoPT examined the facts of the case and

sought 23 clarifications from the CBI. A month after that, i.e., on

15.12.2015, the CBI gave clarifications on the same questions.

Upon reviewing the clarifications, the DoPT believed that there

were many errors in the investigation conducted by the CBI, and

therefore sought the opinion of the Central Vigilance Commission

8

on 07.01.2016.

5

hereinafter referred to as ‘the CBI’.

6

hereinafter referred to as ‘the IPC’.

7

hereinafter referred to as ‘the DoPT’.

8

hereinafter referred to as ‘the CVC’.

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7. CVC followed it up and sought clarification from CBI on

18.03.2016, i.e., two and a half months after the opinion of the

CVC. After examining the clarifications tendered by the CBI, the

CVC believed that this to be a strong case for grant of sanction

subject to the CBI conducting a re-investigation on certain aspects

of the case. This opinion was communicated to the DoPT on

01.06.2016.

8. Since the communication dated 01.06.2016 was unclear, the

DoPT vide letter dated 26.08.2016 sought to know whether the

CVC recommended the grant of sanction or whether the CVC had

advised the CBI to re-investigate. A month later, on 20.09.2016,

CVC clarified to the DoPT that the CBI should re-investigate the

matter and come up with its revised findings. Accordingly, the

DoPT informed CVC on 05.10.2016 that it will treat the proposal

for sanction for prosecution of the Appellant as closed until the re-

investigation is completed and a new proposal is received from CBI.

By this time, thirteen months had passed since the request for

sanction was made.

9. Meanwhile, on 27.09.2016, CBI submitted a revised

explanation to the seven questions posed by the CVC. Satisfied

with the same, the CVC advised DoPT on 25.11.2016 to grant

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sanction. Responding to the proposal, DoPT, by its letter dated

16.12.2016, sought to know if the CBI had completed the re-

investigation, to which the CVC responded on 09.02.2017, stating

that it was satisfied with the proposal of the CBI. Finally, on

24.07.2017, DoPT granted sanction for prosecution. Thus, the

proposal requesting the sanction for prosecution made by the CBI

on 08.09.2015 was g iven by the sanctioning authority on

24.07.2017, after about one year and ten months.

Before the Trial Court:

10. The Appellant filed a discharge application under Section 227

of the Cr.P.C. before the Principal Special Judge for CBI. This

application was filed on the ground that the sanction order was

passed without application of mind. The Trial Court by its order

dated 13.12.2018, allowed the application and discharged the

Appellant. The reason for allowing the application for discharge

was that the DoPT failed to apply its mind and merely relied on the

advice tendered by the CVC.

Before the High Court:

11. Against the above-referred order of the Principal Special

Judge for CBI, the State filed a Criminal Revision Petition under

Section 397 of the Cr.P.C., which was allowed by the High Court

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of Judicature at Madras. The High Court held that under Section

8(1)(g) of the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003

9, one of the

functions of the CVC is to tender advice to the Central Government

on the matter of grant of sanction. Thus, it was opined that the

advice of CVC could not be treated as irrelevant material. The High

Court also held that the DoPT, in addition to the advice of the CVC,

had taken into account all the relevant material and had

independently applied its mind before granting sanction to

prosecute the Appellant. It is this order of the High Court which is

impugned before us.

Submissions of learned counsels:

12.1 Shri Mahesh Jethmalani learned Senior Counsel, and Shri

P.V. Yogeswaran, AOR, appearing on behalf of the Appellant, made

two submissions. Firstly, Shri Jethmalani submitted that the

grant of sanction by DoPT dated 24.07.2017 is without application

of an independent mind . He argued that the sanction for

prosecution was hit by non-application of mind as DoPT had acted

on dictation by the CVC, and for this purpose, the said sanction

order must be set aside. In support of this submission, he relied

9

hereinafter referred to as ‘the CVC Act’.

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on the decision of this Court in Mansukhlal Vithaldas Chauhan v.

State of Gujarat

10.

12.2 The second submission of Shri Jethmalani is about the delay

in granting the sanction for prosecution. While the CBI requested

for sanction on 18.09.2015, the order of sanction came to be

passed on 24.07.2017, after almost two years. According to Shri

Jethmalani, this delay is fatal, the consequence being that the

proceedings against the Appellant must be quashed. For this

purpose, he relied on the decision of this Court in Vineet Narain &

Ors. v. Union of India & Anr.

11 followed by Subramanian Swamy v.

Manmohan Singh & Anr.

12 as per which this Court has set an outer

limit of three months for granting sanction.

13.1 Shri S.V. Raju, learned Additional Solicitor General for India

would submit that the D oPT, while granting sanction for

prosecution, merely called for and considered the report of the CVC

and had, in fact applied its independent mind. He took us through

the correspondence between the CBI, CVC, and DoPT to make his

point good.

10

(1997) 7 SCC 622

11

(1998) 1 SCC 226

12

(2012) 3 SCC 64

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13.2 Replying to the second submission made by Shri Jethmalani,

the learned ASG submits that this issue was never raised at any

point. For that matter, even the Special Leave Petition does not

contain any ground to this effect. However, as the Court heard

submissions on the ground of delay, he clarified that the time

period is merely directory and not mandatory. He would further

submit that, as per the above referred decisions of this Court, the

consequence of non-grant of sanction within three months would

only be deemed sanction, rather than quashing the criminal

proceedings.

14. Having heard the parties in detail, we formulate two issues

for our consideration. While the first issue pertains to whether the

order of sanction is illegal due to non-application of mind by the

DoPT for acting as per dictation of CVC, the second issue pertains

to whether the criminal proceedings could be quashed for the delay

of about two years in the issuance of the sanction order. We will

answer both issues.

Re: Issue No. 1 - Whether the order of sanction is illegal due

to non-application of mind and acting as per dictation if the

appointing authority, the DoPT refers and considers the

opinion and advise of the CVC?

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15. At the outset, we will take note of the ratio in Mansukhlal

(supra) relied on by Shri Jethmalani. Relevant portion of the

judgment holding that “if the sanctioning authority is under an

obligation or compulsion to grant sanction, the order will be bad for

the reason that the discretion is taken away ”, is extracted

hereinunder:

“18. The validity of the sanction would,

therefore, depend upon the material placed

before the sanctioning authority and the fact that

all the relevant facts, material and evidence have

been considered by the sanctioning authority.

Consideration implies application of mind. The

order of sanction must ex facie disclose that the

sanctioning authority had considered the

evidence and other material placed before it. This

fact can also be established by extrinsic evidence

by placing the relevant files before the Court to

show that all relevant facts were considered by

the sanctioning authority.

19. Since the validity of “sanction” depends on

the applicability of mind by the sanctioning

authority to the facts of the case as also the

material and evidence collected during

investigation, it necessarily follows that the

sanctioning authority has to apply its own

independent mind for the generation of genuine

satisfaction whether prosecution has to be

sanctioned or not. The mind of the sanctioning

authority should not be under pressure from any

quarter nor should any external force be acting

upon it to take a decision one way or the other.

Since the discretion to grant or not to grant

sanction vests absolutely in the sanctioning

authority, its discretion should be shown to have

not been affected by any extraneous

consideration. If it is shown that the sanctioning

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authority was unable to apply its independent

mind for any reason whatsoever or was under

an obligation or compulsion or constraint to grant

the sanction, the order will be bad for the reason

that the discretion of the authority “not to

sanction” was taken away and it was compelled

to act mechanically to sanction the prosecution.”

16. The decision in Mansukhlal (supra) was rendered in the year

1997, when the legislative changes to the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973

13, were not made. Further, the decision was prior

to the enactment of the CVC Act and also the amendments to the

PC Act. The submission of Shri Jethmalani therefore overlooks the

march of law, which we have endeavoured to explain hereinunder.

17. Sanction for prosecution of an employee of the Union under

the PC Act would involve invocation of specific provisions of the

Cr.P.C., the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946

14, the PC

Act, and the CVC Act, all of which constitute a unified scheme. The

legal regime that encompasses the above-referred statutes for

matters concerning preliminary inquiry, investigation, sanction,

and prosecution are well integrated and can be recounted as

under:

I. Section 197 of the Cr.P.C. provides a mandatory

requirement of sanction for the prosecution of judges,

13

hereinafter referred to as ‘the Cr.P.C.’.

14

hereinafter referred to as ‘the DSPE Act’.

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magistrates, and public servants. While interpreting this

provision, this Court has identified two principles, which are

that, (a) there must be relevant material placed before the

sanctioning authority before it takes a decision; and (b) the

decision of the sanctioning authority must itself indicate that

it had applied its mind before granting sanction

15. It is in this

context that the judgment of this Court in Mansukhlal (supra)

must be understood [Section 197, Cr.P.C.].

II. Section 19 of the PC Act also provides for a requirement

of sanction before prosecution. The requirement of law for

having relevant material placed before the sanctioning

authority, as well as the independent application of mind by

the said authority, applies with equal vigour to sanction

under the PC Act

16 [Section 19, PC Act].

III. For the purpose of assisting the sanctioning authority

in arriving at a decision, the Government, through a 1997

resolution, constituted a body under the Ministry of Home

Affairs referred to as the CVC. An Independent Review

Committee (IRC), constituted by the Government of India,

also suggested conferring statutory status to the CVC. This

recommendation became compelling after the decision of this

15

State of Punjab & Anr. v. Mohd. Iqbal Bhatti, (2009) 17 SCC 92; Romesh Lal

Jain v. Naginder Singh Rana & Ors, (2006) 1 SCC 294.

16

State (Anti-Corruption Branch) v. R.C. Anand (Dr.), (2004) 4 SCC 615; C.S. Krishnamurthy

v. State of Karnataka, (2005) 4 SCC 81; State of Karnataka v. Ameerjan, (2007) 11 SCC 273;

CBI v. Ashok Kumar Aggarwal, (2014) 14 SCC 295. In fact in Vivek Batra v. Union of India

this Court has held that:-“12. ….. the opinion of the CVC, which was reaffirmed and ultimately

prevailed in according the sanction, cannot be said to be irrelevant for the reason that clause

(g) of Section 8(1) of the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 provides that it is one of the

functions of the CVC to tender advice to the Central Government on such matters as may be

referred to it by the Government.”

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Court in Vineet Narain (supra). These directions resulted in

the promulgation of three ordinances for giving statutory

status to the CVC, and eventually, in 2003, the Parliament

enacted the CVC Act.

IV. The preamble to the CVC Act states that the

Commission is constituted to inquire or cause inquiries to be

conducted into offences alleged to have been committed under

the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Section 8 of the CVC

Act evidences the interplay of powers and duties of the three

agencies, being the sanctioning authority (Union

Government), the prosecuting agency (the CBI), and the

advisory body (the CVC), all subserving the same public

interest of ensuring integrity in governance. The following

provisions evidence the same.

V. The CVC shall exercise superintendence over CBI in

relation to the investigation of offences under the PC Act

[Section 8(1)(a), CVC Act.]. The CVC shall also give directions

to CBI in the discharge of its functions under Section 4(1) of

the DSPE Act [Section 8(1)(b), CVC Act].

VI. The CVC shall inquire on a reference made to it by the

Central Government (DoPT) about an alleged offence

committed by a public servant under the PC Act [Section

8(1)(c), CVC Act]. The CVC shall also inquire into any

complaint against a public servant alleged to have committed

an offence under the PC Act [Section 8(1)(d), CVC Act].

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VII. The CVC shall review the progress of the investigation

by the CBI for offences under the PC Act [Section 8(1)(e), CVC

Act].

VIII. The CVC shall tender advice to the Central Government

on such matters as may be referred to it [Section 8(1)(g), CVC

Act].

IX. The CVC shall exercise limited superintendence over

vigilance administration of various Ministries of the Central

Government [Section 8(1)(h), CVC Act].

X. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

17, enacted to

subserve the same purpose of maintaining integrity

concerning certain public functionaries, makes further

amendments to the four statutes we have dealt with

hereinabove, further integrating them with each other. The

Lokpal Act amended Section 8 and also inserted Sections 8A

and 8B to the CVC Act [Section 8A and 8B CVC Act].

XI. After a preliminary inquiry relating to corruption of

public servants belonging to Group C or Group D, if the CVC

comes to a prima facie opinion of violation of conduct rules

relating to corruption under the PC Act, the CVC shall (a)

direct the CBI to investigate, or (b) initiate disciplinary

proceedings; or (c) close these proceedings and proceed under

the Lokpal Act [Section 8A(1), CVC Act]. If the CVC decides

to direct an agency (including the CBI) to investigate, it can

direct an expeditious investigation within a time frame, and

the CBI shall submit an investigation report to the CVC

17

hereinafter referred to as ‘the Lokpal Act’.

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within that timeframe [Sections 8B (1) and 8B (2), CVC Act].

On consideration of the report, the CVC may decide to (a) file

a chargesheet or closure report; or (b) initiate departmental

proceedings [Section 8B (3), CVC Act].

XII. In furtherance of a decision to direct prosecution, CVC

exercises its powers under Section 8 to review the progress of

applications pending with competent authorities for sanction of

prosecution under the PC Act. [Section 8(1)(f), CVC Act]

XIII. The appropriate Government or the competent authority

is obligated, under the 2018 amendment to the PC Act , to

endeavour to convey the decision on the proposal for sanction

within three months with an extended period of one more

month when legal consultation is required. For this purpose,

guidelines may be prescribed. The CVC has, in fact, issued

necessary guidelines in furtherance of this duty. [Proviso to

Section 19(1) of PC Act]

18. It is evident from the above referred formulation that the

position of law and the legal regime obtained by virtue of the five

legislations on the subject of corruption, operates as integrated

scheme. The five legislations being the Cr.P.C, DSPE Act, PC Act,

CVC Act, and Lokpal Act, must be read together to enable the

authorities to sub-serve the common purpose and objectives

underlying these legislations. The Central Vigilance Commission,

constituted under the CVC Act is specifically entrusted with the

duty and function of providing expert advice on the subject. It may

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be necessary for the appointing authority to call for and seek the

opinion of the CVC before it takes any decision on the request for

sanction for prosecution. The statutory scheme under which the

appointing authority could call for, seek and consider the advice of

the CVC can neither be termed as acting under dictation nor a

factor which could be referred to as an irrelevant consideration. The

opinion of the CVC is only advisory. It is nevertheless a valuable

input in the decision-making process of the appointing authority.

The final decision of the appointing authority must be of its own

by application of independent mind. The issue is, therefore,

answered by holding that there is no illegality in the action of the

appointing authority, the DoPT, if it calls for, refers, and considers

the opinion of the Central Vigilance Commission before it takes its

final decision on the request for sanction for prosecuting a public

servant.

19. Returning to the case facts, we have examined the

correspondence and the long-drawn communications between the

CBI, the DoPT, and the CVC. We found that the inquiry made by

the appointing authority, the DoPT, was only for soliciting further

information, and particularly the opinion given by CVC is also

advisory. The sanction order of the DoPT dated 24.07.2017 is an

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independent decision of the department that was taken based on

the material before it. Under these circumstances, we are not

inclined to accept the first submission made on behalf of the

Appellant that the order of sanction suffers from illegality due to

non-application of mind or acting under dictation.

Re: Issue No. 2: Whether the criminal proceedings could be

quashed for the delay in the issuance of the sanction order?

20. The public policy behind providing immunity from

prosecution without the sanction of the State is to insulate the

public servant against harassment and malicious prosecution. It

is for this very reason that good faith clauses

18 are incorporated in

statutes extending protection to officers exercising statutory duties

in good faith. This protection is only to ensure that a public servant

18

For example, Section 74 of Indian Forest Act, 1927 or Section 88 of the Food Safety and

Standards Act, 2006 provide as under: -

Section 74. Indemnity for acts done in good faith —

(1) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against any public servant

for anything done in good faith or omitted to be done likewise, under this Act or the

rules or orders made thereunder.

(2) No Court shall take cognizance of any offence alleged to have been committed by a

forest officer while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty except

with the previous sanction of the Government of Union territory of Jammu and

Kashmir.

Section 88. Protection of action taken in good faith-

No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedin gs shall lie against the Central

Government, the State Government, the Food Authority and other bodies constituted

under this Act or any officer of the Central Government, the State Government or any

member, officer or other employee of such Authority and bodies or any other officer

acting under this 60 Act for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be

done under this Act or the rules or regulations made thereunder.

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serves the State with courage, confidence, and conviction. It is apt

to recall the speech of the then Home Minister , Shri Sardar

Vallabhbhai Patel, during the Constituent Assembly Debates

19,

also referred to by H.M. Seervai in his commentary on the

Constitution while dealing with the Services under the State

20:

“To-day, my Secretary can write a note opposed

to my views. I have given that freedom to all my

secretaries. I have told them ‘If you do not give

your honest opinion for fear that it will displease

your Minister, please then you had better go. I

will bring another Secretary.’ I will never be

displeased over a frank expression of opinion.

(C.A.D. Vol.10, P.51).”

21. Statutory provisions requiring sanction before prosecution

either under Section 197 Cr.P.C. or under Section 97 of the PC Act

also intend to serve the very same purpose of protecting a public

servant. These protections are not available to other citizens

because of the inherent vulnerabilities of a public servant and the

need to protect them. However, the said protection is neither a

shield against dereliction of duty nor an absolute immunity against

corrupt practices. The limited immunity or bar is only subject to a

sanction by the appointing authority.

19

Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume No. 10, Page 51

20

H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India, 4

th

Edition, Volume 3, pg. 2987

Page 18 of 30

22. Grant of sanction being an exercise of executive power, it is

subject to the standard principles of judicial review such as

application of independent mind; only by the competent authority,

without bias, after consideration of relevant material and by

eschewing irrelevant considerations. As the power to grant

sanction for prosecution has legal consequences, it must naturally

be exercised within a reasonable period. This principle is anyway

inbuilt in our legal structure, and our Constitutional Courts review

the legality and proprietary of delayed exercise of power quite

frequently. In Mahendra Lal Das v. State of Bihar & Ors.

21 and

Ramanand Chaudhary v. State of Bihar & Ors.

22 this Court found

21

(2002) 1 SCC 149

“7. In cases of corruption the amount involved is not material but speedy justice is the

mandate of the Constitution being in the interests of the accused as well as that of the society.

Cases relating to corruption are to be dealt with swiftly, promptly and without delay........

8. This Court in Ramanand Chaudhary v. State of Bihar quashed the investigation against

the accused on account of not granting the sanction for more than 13 years. The facts of the

present case are almost identical. No useful purpose would be served to put the appellant at

trial at this belated stage.

9. Keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, we are inclined to quash

the proceedings against the appellant as permitting further prosecution would be a travesty

of justice and a mere ritual or formality so far as the prosecution agency is concerned, and

unnecessary burden as regards the courts.”

22

(2002) 1 SCC 153

“5. It is not necessary to go into the legal points raised by Mr. Jain as we are inclined to quash

the prosecution against the appellant in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case.

After the raid no action was taken by the prosecution for six years. The Public Prosecutor

consistently opined that no criminal case was made out against the appellant. The

Commissioner on independent consideration refused to grant the sanction but later on at the

asking of the DIG (Vigilance) he changed his view. The Prosecution against the appellant is

pending for over a period of thirteen years and it would be a travesty of justice to permit the

prosecution at this stage which would mean that the appellant would suffer the trial/appeal

for another decade. In view of the facts and circumstances of this case we quash the

prosecution pending against the appellant........”

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it expedient to quash the criminal proceedings due to the abnormal

delay in granting a sanction for prosecution.

23. Noticing that there is no legislation prescribing the period

within which a decision for sanction is to be taken, this Court, in

Vineet Narian (Supra), sought to fill the gap by setting a normative

prescription of three months for grant of sanction.

“58. (I)(15) Time-limit of three months for grant of

sanction for prosecution must be strictly adhered

to. However, additional time of one month may

be allowed where consultation is required with

the Attorney General (AG) or any other law officer

in the AG's office.”

24. Legislative reforms for expeditious grant of sanction for

prosecution started with the enactment of the CVC Act,

whereunder Parliament has expressly empowered the CVC under

Section 8(1)(f) of the CVC Act to review the progress of applications

for sanction

23.

25. While exercising the powers under Section 8(1)(f), the CVC

has been issuing guidelines and instructions to various

departments for expeditious disposal of requests for sanction.

Despite these legislative changes and administrative guidelines,

23

“Section 8: Functions and Powers of the Central Vigilance Commission-

(1) The Functions and powers of the Commission shall be to –

(f) review the progress of applications pending with the competent authorities for sanction of

prosecution under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.”

Page 20 of 30

delay in granting sanctions continued. In Subramanian Swamy’s

case, this Court suggested that Parliament may consider

prescribing clear time limits for the grant of sanction and to

provide for a deemed sanction by the end of the period if no

decision is taken.

“81. In my view, Parliament should consider the

constitutional imperative of Article 14 enshrining

the Rule of Law wherein “due process of law”

has been read into by introducing a time-limit in

Section 19 of the PC Act, 1988 for its working in

a reasonable manner. Parliament may, in my

opinion, consider the following guidelines:

(a) All proposals for sanction placed before any

sanctioning authority empowered to grant

sanction for prosecution of a public servant under

Section 19 of the PC Act must be decided within

a period of three months of the receipt of the

proposal by the authority concerned.

(b) Where consultation is required with the

Attorney General or the Solicitor General or the

Advocate General of the State, as the case may

be, and the same is not possible within the three

months mentioned in clause (a) above, an

extension of one month period may be allowed,

but the request for consultation is to be sent in

writing within the three months mentioned in

clause (a) above. A copy of the said request will

be sent to the prosecuting agency or the private

complainant to intimate them about the extension

of the time-limit.

(c) At the end of the extended period of time-limit,

if no decision is taken, sanction will be deemed

to have been granted to the proposal for

prosecution, and the prosecuting agency or the

private complainant will proceed to file the

charge-sheet/complaint in the court to commence

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prosecution within 15 days of the expiry of the

aforementioned time-limit.”

26. Yet another legislative development took place in 2018 when

the Parliament, by way of an amendment to the PC Act, inserted

the following provisos to Section 19 of the PC Act;

“19. Previous sanction necessary for

prosecution. —

(1) No court shall take cognizance of an offence

punishable under sections 7, 11, 13 and 15

alleged to have been committed by a public

servant, except with the previous sanction [save

as otherwise provided in the Lokpal and

Lokayuktas Act, 2013] -

(a) in the case of....

(b) in the case of....

(c) in the case of....

Provided further that.....

Provided also that the appropriate

Government or any competent authority

shall, after the receipt of the proposal

requiring sanction for prosecution of a

public servant under this sub -section,

endeavour to convey the decision on

such proposal within a period of three

months from the date of its receipt:

Provided also that in case where, for

the purpose of grant of sanction for

prosecution, legal consultation is

required, such period may, for the

reasons to be recorded in writing, be

extended by a further period of one

month:

Provided also that the Central

Government may, for the purpose of

sanction for prosecution of a public

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servant, prescribe such guidelines as it

considers necessary.….”

27. The new proviso to Section 19 mandating that the competent

authority shall endeavour to convey the decision on the proposal

for sanction within a period of three months can only be read and

understood as a compelling statutory obligation. We are not

inclined to accept the submission of the learned ASG that this

proviso is only directory in nature. In the first place, the consistent

effort made by all branches of the State, the Judiciary

24, the

Legislative

25, and the Executive

26, to ensure early decision-making

by the competent authority cannot be watered down by lexical

interpretation of the expression endeavour in the proviso.

28. The sanctioning authority must bear in mind that public

confidence in the maintenance of the Rule of Law , which is

fundamental in the administration of justice, is at stake here. By

causing delay in considering the request for sanction, the

sanctioning authority stultifies judicial scrutiny, thereby vitiating

the process of determination of the allegations against the corrupt

official

27. Delays in prosecuting the corrupt breeds a culture of

24

Commencing from the concerns expressed in Vineet Narain case in 1998, followed by the

decision in Subramanian Swamy .

25

The passing of the CVC Act in 2003, and the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act amending the

provision of PC Act and CVC Act and also the 2018 amendments to the PC Act.

26

The various instructions issued by the CVC from time to time from 2003.

27

Supra- Subramanian Swamy

Page 23 of 30

impunity and leads to systemic resignation to the existence of

corruption in public life. Such inaction is fraught with the risk of

making future generations getting accustomed to corruption as a

way of life. Viewed in this context, the duty to take an early

decision inheres in the power vested in the appointing authority to

grant or not to grant sanction. In fact, the statement of object and

reasons for the 2018 amendment of Section 19 clearly explain the

purpose as under: -

“2(i) …Further, in the light of a recent judgment

of the Supreme Court, the question of amending

section 19 of the Act to lay down clear criteria

and procedure for sanction of prosecution,

including the stage at which sanction can be

sought, timelines within which order has to be

passed, was also examined by the Central

Government and it is proposed to incorporate

appropriate provisions in section 19 of the Act.”

28

29. The intention of the Parliament is evident from a combined

reading of the first proviso to Section 19, which uses the

expression ‘endeavour’ with the subsequent provisions. The third

proviso mandates that the extended period can be granted only for

one month after reasons are recorded in writing. There is no

further extension. The fourth proviso, which empowers the Central

Government to prescribe necessary guidelines for ensuring the

28

Bill No. LIII of 2013, GOI (Ex.) Part II Sec 2 No. 31 dated 19.8.2013 (amendment

implemented in the year 2018)

Page 24 of 30

mandate, may also be noted in this regard. It can thus be

concluded that the Parliament intended that the process of grant

of sanction must be completed within four months, which includes

the extended period of one month.

30. If it is mandatory for the sanctioning authority to decide in a

time-bound manner, the consequence of non-compliance with the

mandatory period must be examined. This is a critical question

having no easy answer. In Subramanian Swamy, this Court

suggested that Parliament may consider providing deemed

sanction if a decision is not taken within the prescribed period. The

Appellant herein contends the very opposite that the criminal

proceedings must be quashed if the decision is not taken within

the prescribed period.

31. In the first place, non-compliance with a mandatory period

cannot and should not automatically lead to the quashing of

criminal proceedings because the prosecution of a public servant

for corruption has an element of public interest having a direct

bearing on the rule of law

29. This is also a non-sequitur. It must

29

Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh and Anr, (2012) 3 SCC 64

76. The sanctioning authority must bear in mind that what is at stake is the public

confidence in the maintenance of the Rule of Law which is fundamental in the

administration of justice. Delay in granting such sanction has spoilt many valid

prosecutions and is adversely viewed in public mind that in the name of considering a

prayer for sanction, a protection is given to a corrupt public official as a quid pro quo

for services rendered by the public official in the past or may be in the future and the

Page 25 of 30

also be kept in mind that the complainant or victim has no other

remedy available for judicial redressal if the criminal proceedings

stand automatically quashed. At the same time, a decision to grant

deemed sanction may cause prejudice to the rights of the accused

as there would also be non-application of mind in such cases.

32. It is in between these competing interests that the Court must

maintain the delicate balance. While arriving at this balance, the

Court must keep in mind the duty cast on the competent authority

to grant sanction within the stipulated period of time. There must

be a consequence of dereliction of duty to giving sanction within

the time specified. The way forward is to make the appointing

authority accountable for the delay in the grant of sanction.

33. Accountability in itself is an essential principle of

administrative law. Judicial review of administrative action will be

effective and meaningful by ensuring accountability of the officer

or authority in charge.

sanctioning authority and the corrupt officials were or are partners in the same

misdeeds…….

77. By causing delay in considering the request for sanction, the sanctioning authority

stultifies judicial scrutiny and determination of the allegations against corrupt official

and thus the legitimacy of the judicial institutions is eroded. It, thus, deprives a citizen

of his legitimate and fundamental right to get justice by setting the criminal law in

motion and thereby frustrates his right to access judicial remedy w hich is a

constitutionally protected right…….

Page 26 of 30

34. The principle of accountability is considered as a cornerstone

of the human rights framework. It is a crucial feature that must

govern the relationship between “duty bearers” in authority and

“right holders” affected by their actions. Accountability of

institutions is also one of the development goals adopted by the

United Nations in 2015

30 and is also recognized as one of the six

principles of the Citizens Charter Movement

31.

35. Accountability has three essential constituent dimensions.

(i) responsibility, (ii) answerability and (iii) enforceability.

Responsibility requires the identification of duties and

performance obligations of individuals in authority and with

authorities. Answerability requires reasoned decision-making so

that those affected by their decisions, including the public, are

aware of the same. Enforceability requires appropriate corrective

and remedial action against lack of responsibility and

accountability to be taken

32. Accountability has a corrective

function, making it possible to address individual or collective

grievances. It enables action against officials or institutions for

30

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 70/1 dated 25

th

September, 2015

31

Citizens Charter adopted by the Government in the ‘Conference of Chief Ministers of various

States and Union Territories’ held in May 1997 in New Delhi, available from

https://goicharters.nic.in/public/website/home.

32

See: Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Who will be

Accountable? Human Rights and the Post -2015 Development Agenda , available from

http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/WhoWillBeAccountable.pdf

Page 27 of 30

dereliction of duty. It also has a preventive function that helps to

identify the procedure or policy which has become non-functional

and to improve upon it.

36. Accountability, as a principle of administrative law, when

applied to the issue that we are dealing with, translates in this

manner. Responsibility for grant of sanction for prosecution of a

public servant under Section 19 of the PC Act is always vested in

the appointing authority. Identification of appointing authority is

always clear and straightforward. The 2018 amendment

specifically obligates the appointing authority to convey the

decision within three months and to provide for the reasons to be

recorded in writing for the extended period of one month. This

amendment, in fact, evidences legislative incorporation of

answerability, the second constituent of accountability. For

enforceability, Parliament has expressly empowered the Central

Vigilance Commission under Section 8(1)(f) of the CVC Act to

review the progress of the applications pending with the competent

authorities, and this function must take within its sweep the power

to deal with the consequences of failure of the competent authority

to comply with its statutory duty. This power and responsibility of

Page 28 of 30

CVC is clear from the provisions of the statute and decipherable

from functions entrusted to it.

37. In conclusion, we hold that upon expiry of the three months

and the additional one-month period, the aggrieved party, be it the

complainant, accused or victim, would be entitled to approach the

concerned writ court. They are entitled to seek appropriate

remedies, including directions for action on the request for

sanction and for the corrective measure on accountability that the

sanctioning authority bears. This is especially crucial if the non-

grant of sanction is withheld without reason, resulting in the

stifling of a genuine case of corruption. Simultaneously, the CVC

shall enquire into the matter in the exercise of its powers under

Section 8(1)(e) and (f) and take such corrective action as it is

empowered under the CVC Act.

38. The second issue is answered by holding that the period of

three months, extended by one more month for legal consultation,

is mandatory. The consequence of non -compliance with this

mandatory requirement shall not be quashing of the criminal

proceeding for that very reason. The competent authority shall be

Accountable for the delay and be subject to judicial review and

Page 29 of 30

administrative action by the CVC under Section 8(1)(f) of the CVC

Act.

39. Returning to the facts of the present case, we have noticed

that the CBI made the application for sanction for prosecution on

08.09.2015, and the same was granted on 24.07.2017, i.e., after

one year and ten months. As the Appellant did not question the

legality of the delay either before the Trial or the High Court but

chose to confine the challenge only to the appointing authority

acting under the dictation of the CVC, there was no occasion for

CBI to respond to the submission of delay. The submission was

raised for the first time before this Court. Though the learned ASG

submitted that this plea should not be permitted to be raised,

without standing on a technicality, we would have proceeded to

examine the matter if the necessary material were on record of the

case. As there is no material placed on record to examine the

accountability of the appointing authority for not deciding the

request for sanction within time, we leave it to the Appellant to

seek appropriate remedy based on principles that we have laid

down hereinabove.

40. For the reasons stated above, we dismiss the Criminal Appeal

arising out of SLP (Crl) No.1568 of 2022 arising out of the

Page 30 of 30

Judgment of the High Court of Madras in Criminal Revision

Petition No. 349 of 2019 dated 06.01.2022. We permit the

petitioner to raise and seek such remedies as are permissible in

law on the basis of principles laid down by us.

41. The parties shall bear their own costs.

……………………………….J.

[B.R. GAVAI]

……………………………….J.

[PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA]

NEW DELHI;

OCTOBER 11, 2022