2024 INSC 737 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 4003/2024

ARISING OUT OF SLP (CRL) No. 4044 of 2018

KAILASHBEN MAHENDRABHAI PATEL

& ORS. ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ANR. ...RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, J.

1. Leave granted.

2. This criminal appeal is against the dismissal of a petition

under Section 482 of the CrPC to quash the FIR and the

subsequent chargesheet against the appellants herein. By order

dated 01.05.2018, this Court issued notice in the Special Leave

Petition and stayed the criminal proceedings. The short and

necessary facts for disposal of this criminal appeal are as follows.

3. Respondent no. 2 is the complainant. She was married to one

Niraj Mahendrabhai Patel in 2002, and he is not a party in these

proceedings. On 01.03.2013, the complainant filed a complaint,

2

pursuant to which an FIR was registered on 25.03.2013 at P.S.

Jalna, Maharashtra under Sections 498A, 323, 504, 506 read with

Section 34 IPC against the appellants, who are her step mother-

in-law (appellant no. 1), step brother-in-law (appellant no. 2),

father- in-law (appellant no. 3), and the M unim (appellant no. 4).

The chargesheet in this case was filed on 30.07.2013.

4. A precise but accurate description of the allegations in the

FIR are that, i) her husband is the son of the appellant no. 3 and

his late first wife. Thereafter, the appellant no. 3 married appellant

no. 1 and their son is appellant no. 2. She lived with her husband,

son and daughter in Mumbai, from where her husband was

managing the family business by giving complete accounts to the

family, ii) at the time of marriage her father gave certain articles

and cash as dowry, and iii) she also held a joint locker at a bank

in Anand, Gujarat with appellant no. 1, keys to which were kept

by appellant no. 1 alone. iv) At the time of the birth of her daughter,

which was eight years before the complaint, appellant nos. 1 and

3 visited her at the hospital and threatened to deprive her of a

share in the property and refused to return the gold and silver

ornaments that were kept in the locker. v) About

2-4 months after the delivery , when she returned to her

3

matrimonial house in Mumbai, appellant nos. 1 and 3 initially

refused to take her and later deprived her of food and physically

assaulted her. vi ) Even when her son was born, which was four

years before the complaint, appellants no. 1 to 3 visited her at

Jalna and threatened to deprive her and her husband any share

in the property. vii) She has also alleged that appellant no. 2

hindered her daughter’s education by cancelling her school

admission. viii) Against appellant no. 4, who is the Munim, she has

alleged that he threatened her that the family property only

belongs to appellant no. 2 and that the complainant, and her

husband will have no share in it. ix ) Under these circumstances,

being frightened, she left the house of the appellants along with

her husband and children and started living in Jalna, her parental

home. x) Even at Jalna, the accused persons threatened her and

asked her to bring Rs. 5 0,00,000/- for the future of her son and

daughter. There is danger to her life and also to the life of her

husband and children and therefore the complaint on 01.03.2013.

The FIR was registered on 25.03.2013, and chargesheet came to

be filed on 30.07.2013.

5. The appellants filed a petition under Section 482 of the CrPC,

1973 for quashing the FIR dated 25.03.2013 and the chargesheet

4

dated 30.07.2013. By the order impugned herein, the High Court

held that a prima facie case of cruelty is made out under Section

498A. The High Court also observed that the complainant

specifically referred to instances of cruelty and attributed overt

acts to each appellant. Rejecting the contention of the appellants

that neither the Police Station, nor the Courts will have

jurisdiction, the Court held that Jalna would have jurisdiction as

per Sections 178 and 179 of the CrPC as some part of the offence

was committed there.

6. The appellants have preferred the present appeal against the

High Court’s order. While issuing notice on 01.05.2018, this Court

also stayed further proceedings.

7. We have heard Dr Abhishek Manu Singhvi and Mr Sidharth

Luthra, learned senior counsels for the appellants and Mr.

Shrirang B Varma, learned counsel for the State of Maharashtra

and Mr. Sanjeev Despande, learned senior counsel for respondent

no. 2.

7.1 The learned senior counsels for the appellants have

contended that the allegations in the FIR are general and omnibus

in nature and lack material particulars bereft of any details,

rendering the complaint vague and obscure. There is an existing

5

civil dispute between the father and the son and as such this FIR

is an abuse of the process of criminal law. Further, Section 161

statements of witnesses are identical and are based on information

from respondent no. 2. They are vague and do not have material

particulars about the date and time of the incident. Our attention

is also drawn to the judgment and order dated 16.01.2019, passed

by the Judicial Magistrate First Class, Jalna dismissing identical

allegations, but under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act. On

the other hand, the learned counsel for the respondent supported

the decision and reasoning adopted by the High Court.

8. Analysis: After identifying certain allegations in the

Complaint/FIR, the High Court came to a quick conclusion that

there are specific allegations against each of the accused. After

referring to certain precedents on the scope and ambit of the power

under Section 482 CrPC, the High Court c ame to a conclusion that

exercise of power under Section 482 for quashing an

FIR/Complaint is not warranted in the facts and circumstances of

the case. Beyond holding that there are specific allegations, there

is no other analysis. The duty of the High Court, when its

jurisdiction under Section 482 CrPC or Article 22 6 of the

Constitution is invoked on the ground that the Complaint/FIR is

6

manifestly frivolous, vexatious or instituted with ulterior motive for

wreaking vengeance, to examine the allegations with care and

caution is highlighted in a recent decision of this Court in

Mohammad Wajid and Another v . State of U.P. and Others

1:

“34. At this stage, we would like to observe something

important. Whenever an accused comes before the Court

invoking either the inherent powers under Section 482 of the

Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) or extraordinary jurisdiction

under Article 226 of the Constitution to get the FIR or the

criminal proceedings quashed essentially on the ground that

such proceedings are manifestly frivolous or vexatious or

instituted with the ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance,

then in such circumstances the Court owes a duty to look into

the FIR with care and a little more closely. We say so because

once the complainant decides to proceed against the accused

with an ulterior motive for wreaking personal vengeance, etc.,

then he would ensure that the FIR/complaint is very well

drafted with all the necessary pleadings. The complainant

would ensure that the averments made in the FIR/complaint

are such that they disclose the necessary ingredients to

constitute the alleged offence. Therefore, it will not be just

enough for the Court to look into the averments made in the

FIR/complaint alone for the purpose of ascertaining whether

the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence are

disclosed or not. In frivolous or vexatious proceedings, the

Court owes a duty to look into many other attending

circumstances emerging from the record of the case over and

above the averments and, if need be, with due care and

circumspection try to read in between the lines. The Court

while exercising its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the CrPC

or Article 226 of the Constitution need not restrict itself only to

the stage of a case but is empowered to take into account the

overall circumstances leading to the initiation/registration of

the case as well as the materials collected in the course of

investigation. Take for instance the case on hand. Multiple

FIRs have been registered over a period of time. It is in the

background of such circumstances the registration of multiple

FIRS assumes importance, thereby attracting the issue of

wreaking vengeance out of private or personal grudge as

alleged.”

1

2023 SCC OnLine SC 951.

7

8.1 Keeping in mind the broad principle as enunciated in the

above referred precedent, we will now examine the Complaint/FIR

challenged by the appellants in the Section 482 proceeding.

9. The FIR in this case is rather unique, in as much as the

complainant has chosen not to involve her husband in the criminal

proceedings, particularly when all the allegations relate to demand

of dowry. It appears that the complainant and her husband have

distributed amongst themselves, the institution of civil and

criminal proceedings against the appellants. W hile the husband

institutes the civil suit, his wife, the complainant has chosen to

initiate criminal proceedings. Interestingly, there is no reference of

one proceeding in the other. On 27.02.2013, the husband filed the

Special Civil Suit No. 35 of 2013 in Anand against the three

appellants, i.e. his father, stepmother and stepbrother seeking for

a declaration that the property is ancestral in nature and that the

father has no right to alienate or dispose of the property. In th at

suit the husband also sought a declaration that he is entitled to

use the trademark of the family business. Though the written

statement filed by the appellants in the suit is brought on record,

we are not inclined to examine the details of the civil dispute, but

suffice to note the existence of a highly contentious civil dispute

8

between the complainant’s husband at one hand and her father-

in-law and others on the other hand.

9.1 While the husband chose to institute the civil suit on

27.02.2013, the complainant filed the present criminal complaint

on 01.03.2013 alleging demand of dowry and threat by appellants

that she and her husband will be denied a share in the property.

The provocation for the Complaint/FIR is essentially the property

dispute between father and son.

9.2 Further, the rights and claims in the suit are the very basis

and provocation for filing the criminal cases. The Complaint/FIR is

replete with just one theme i.e. that the appellants are threatening

them that they will deny share in the property. The Complaint/FIR

is intended only to further their interest of the civil dispute. In G.

Sagar Suri v. State of U.P

2 this Court cautioned that:

“8. Jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code has to be

exercised with great care. In exercise of its jurisdiction the

High Court is not to examine the matter superficially. It is to be

seen if a matter, which is essentially of a civil nature, has been

given a cloak of criminal offence.

Criminal proceedings are not a short cut of other remedies

available in law. Before issuing process a criminal court has

to exercise a great deal of caution. For the accused it is a

serious matter. This Court has laid certain principles on the

basis of which the High Court is to exercise its jurisdiction

under Section 482 of the Code. Jurisdiction under this section

has to be exercised to prevent abuse of the process of any court

or otherwise to secure the ends of justice."

2

(2000) 2 SCC 636.

9

9.3 The duty of the court, when FIR has predominating and

overwhelming civil flavour is also reflected in the opinion of this

Court in Jaswant Singh v. State of Punjab

3, this court observed

that:

"19. From the above discussion on the settled legal principles,

it is clear from the facts of the present case that there was a

clear abuse of the process of the Court and further that the

Court had a duty to secure the ends of justice. We say so for

the following reasons;

a) The allegations made in the FIR had an overwhelmingly

and predominatingly a civil flavour inasmuch as the

complainant alleged that he had paid money to Gurmeet

Singh, the main accused to get employment for his son

abroad. If Gurmeet Singh failed the complainant could have

filed a suit for recovery of the amount paid for not fulfilling

the promise.

…

20. In our considered view, the High Court erred in firstly not

considering the entire material on record and further in not

appreciating the fact that the dispute, if any, was civil in

nature and that the complainant had already settled his score

with the main accused Gurmeet Singh against whom the

proceedings have been closed as far back as 26.09.2014. In

this scenario, there remains no justification to continue with

the proceedings against the appellant.”

10. We will now examine the ‘specific allegations’ in the

FIR/complaint. Firstly, the complainant referred to certain items

which are said to have been given by her father at the time of

marriage. These items are (i) one Scorpio car; (ii) T.V.; (iii) fridge;

(iv) DVD Tape; (v) silver utensils; (vi) 100 to 150 tolas gold; (vii) and

3

2021 SCC OnLine SC 1007.

10

Rs. 5 lacs. This allegation relates to the year 2002 and the present

complaint is of the year 2013. It is important to mention at this

very stage that identical allegations in a DV case filed by the

complainant were taken up at trial and the Judicial Magistrate,

First Class had disbelieved the complainant’s version. We will be

dealing with the j udgment of the Judicial Magistrate, First Class in

little more detail in the succeeding paras of the judgment. The

second allegation relates to a bare statement that there exist s a

joint locker and that the keys of the said locker are with her

stepmother-in-law, that is the appellant no. 1. Even on this, the

Judicial Magistrate, First Class has observed that there are no

details whatsoever, about the bank or the locker.

10.1 The tendency to make general, vague, and omnibus

allegation is noticed by this Court in many decisions. In Usha

Chakraborty v. State of W.B.

4, this court observed that:

"16... the respondent alleged commission of offences under

Sections 323, 384, 406, 423, 467, 468, 420 and 120B, IPC

against the appellants. A bare perusal of the said allegation

and the ingredients to attract them, as adverted to

hereinbefore would reveal that the allegations are vague and

they did not carry the essential ingredients to constitute the

alleged offences.... The ingredients to attract the alleged

offence referred to hereinbefore and the nature of the

allegations contained in the application filed by the respondent

would undoubtedly make it clear that the respondent had

failed to make specific allegation against the appellants herein

4

2023 SCC OnLine SC 90.

11

in respect of the aforesaid offences. The factual position thus

would reveal that the genesis as also the purpose of criminal

proceedings are nothing but the aforesaid incident and further

that the dispute involved is essentially of civil nature. The

appellants and the respondents have given a cloak of criminal

offence in the issue ...”

10.2 Similarly, dealing with allegations lacking in particulars

and details, in Neelu Chopra v. Bharti

5, this court observed that:

"7. ...what strikes us is that there are no particulars given as

to the date on which the ornaments were handed over, as to

the exact number of ornaments or their description and as to

the date when the ornaments were asked back and were

refused. Even the weight of the ornaments is not mentioned in

the complaint and it is a general and vague complaint that the

ornaments were sometime given in the custody of the

appellants and they were not returned. What strikes us more

is that even in Para 10 of the complaint where the complainant

says that she asked for her clothes and ornaments which were

given to the accused and they refused to give these back, the

date is significantly absent.”

11. The third allegation is against appellant no. 1, the mother-in-

law, who is said to have threatened the complainant when she gave

birth to a girl child. The threat is that the complainant will not get

her gold and silver ornaments, and her husband will not get any

share in the property. The allegations are again vague, lacking in

basic details. The essence of the complaint is in the alleged threat

to deprive the husband any share in the property with respect to

which the husband has already filed the sui t for declaration.

5

(2009) 10 SCC 184.

12

12. The complaint also refers to a small incident where the

complainant’s brother accompanied her to the matrimonial house,

when the appellants no. 1 and 3 are alleged to have refused to take

her back but on persuasion by her brother, she was allowed to stay.

There is also a vague allegation that, when the complainant gave

birth to a second child, appellants 1 and 2 came and “quarrelled”

with the complainant, her brother, parents and threatened them.

This Court had occasion to examine the phenomenon of general

and omnibus allegations in the cases of matrimonial disputes. In

Mamidi Anil Kumar Reddy v. State of A.P.

6 this Court observed that:

“14. ...A bare perusal of the complaint, statement of witnesses'

and the charge-sheet shows that the allegations against the

Appellants are wholly general and omnibus in nature; even if

they are taken in their entirety, they do not prima facie make

out a case against the Appellants. The material on record

neither discloses any particulars of the offences alleged nor

discloses the specific role/allegations assigned to any of the

Appellants in the commission of the offences.

15. The phenomenon of false implication by way of general

omnibus allegations in the course of matrimonial disputes is

not unknown to this Court. In Kahkashan Kausar alias Sonam

v. State of Bihar, this Court dealt with a similar case wherein

the allegations made by the complainant- wife against her in-

laws u/s. 498A and others were vague and general, lacking

any specific role and particulars. The court proceeded to quash

the FIR against the accused persons and noted that such a

situation, if left unchecked, would result in the abuse of the

process of law.”

6

2024 SCC OnLine SC 127.

13

13. There is also an allegation against the appellant no. 2 about

which the complainant passingly mentioned that “my daughter’s

education disturbed since my brother-in-law Rahul cancelled her

school admission by signing fraudulently”. The complaint is again

silent about when such an act was done, where was it done, which

was the school in which the admission was cancelled, what

documents were signed for such cancellation, and what is fraud

played by him. It is impossible to conceive of any offence on the

basis of such vague and unclear allegations. Lastly, there is an

allegation against the appellant no. 4, the M unim against whom it

is said “Vijay Ranch hodbhai Patel is telling stories to my in-laws

against me, my husband and my children and making them to

mentally torture us”. The Munim is said to have threatened them

and ask them to go away as there is nothing left for them as the

entire property belongs to Rahul, appellant no. 2.

13.1 In Kahkashan Kausar v. State of Bihar

7 this Court noticed

the injustice that may be caused when parties are forced to go

through tribulations of a trial based on general and omnibus

allegations. The relevant portion of the observation is as under:

“11. …in recent times, matrimonial litigation in the country has

also increased significantly and there is a greater disaffection

7

(2022) 6 SCC 599.

14

and friction surrounding the institution of marriage, now, more

than ever. This has resulted in an increased tendency to

employ provisions such as Section 498-A IPC as instruments

to settle personal scores against the husband and his

relatives.

18. ... upon a perusal of the contents of the FIR dated 1-4-

2019, it is revealed that general allegations are levelled

against the appellants. The complainant alleged that "all

accused harassed her mentally and threatened her of

terminating her pregnancy". Furthermore, no specific and

distinct allegations have been made against either of the

appellants herein i.e. none of the appellants have been

attributed any specific role in furtherance of the general

allegations made against them. This simply leads to a

situation wherein one fails to ascertain the role played by each

accused in furtherance of the offence. The allegations are,

therefore, general and omnibus and can at best be said to

have been made out on account of small skirmishes...

However, as far as the appellants are concerned, the

allegations made against them being general and omnibus, do

not warrant prosecution.

21. …it would be unjust if the appellants are forced to go

through the tribulations of a trial i.e. general and omnibus

allegations cannot manifest in a situation where the relatives

of the complainant's husband are forced to undergo trial. It has

been highlighted by this Court in varied instances, that a

criminal trial leading to an eventual acquittal also inflicts

severe scars upon the accused, and such an exercise must,

therefore, be discouraged.”

14. One important event that gives us a clear impression that the

criminal proceedings were instituted with a mala fide intention,

only to harass the appellants, is the filing of the D omestic Violence

case. After the institution of the Civil Case on 27.02.2013 and

thereafter the present Criminal Complaint/FIR, respondent no. 2

filed a complaint under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act o n

06.04.2013, based on similar allegations. The DV complaint refers

15

to the same items, a Scorpio car, T.V., fridge, DVD Tape, silver

articles, 100 to 150 tolas gold and cash of Rs. 5 lacs as dowry.

Again, there is an allegation that the accused have threatened that

she will not get a share in the property as she gave birth to a girl

child. There are similar allegations against appellant no. 2 as well

as the Munim, the appellant no. 4. The domestic violence complaint

went to trial and culminated in a detailed judgment of the Judicial

Magistrate, First Class, Jalna dated 1 6.01.2019. We are informed

that the judgment and order has become final as there was no

appeal against the said order. While dismissing the domestic

violence complaint, the learned judge observed as under:

“19. During cross examination, the applicant admitted that the

property dispute is going on in between her and respondents.

Again, she voluntarily stated that the property dispute is

pending in between her husband and parents in law.

Moreover, the applicant appears deposed specifically that

where ever Joint Bank Accounts are in the name of

respondents, her and her husband, in such cases,

respondents shall be prohibited from operation said accounts

and she shall be allowed to operate. It further appears that the

applicant family shall be provided same level of

accommodation as holding by respondents.

20. The above ocular evidence and admission are clearly

suggesting that the applicant has brought the present

application at the behest of her husband and with ulterior

motive to grab property which the husband of the applicant

may be entitled by other provisions of law. The wordings used

in the application reveal selfish nature of the applicant. Hence,

in the given circumstances, I am of opinion that it would be

unsafe to rely on the sole testimony of the applicant without

corroboration.

16

21. It seems that the applicant has not brought any other

cogent and reliable evidence in support of her said oral

evidence. Moreover, it appears that the case filed U/s 498(A)

of IPC bearing RCC No. 376/2014 is not yet concluded. There

is no record showing that respondents have been held guilty

till today in that matter. It means that said allegations are not

yet proved and not available for corroboration purpose.

Therefore, I am coming to the conclusion that there is no cogent

and reliable evidence as to domestic violence and accordingly

I record my finding to Point No. 1 as “No”.”

15. We are not referring to all the findings of the Court dismissing

the domestic violence complaint. It is sufficient to note that

identical allegations were examined in detail , subjected to strict

scrutiny, and rejected as being false and untenable. This case is

yet another instance of abuse of criminal process and it would not

be fair and just to subject the appellants to the entire criminal law

process. In Achin Gupta v. State of Haryana

8, this court observed

that:

"20. It is now well settled that the power under Section 482 of

the Cr. P.C. has to be exercised sparingly, carefully and with

caution, only where such exercise is justified by the tests laid

down in the Section itself. It is also well settled that Section

482 of the Cr. P.C. does not confer any new power on the High

Court but only saves the inherent power, which the Court

possessed before the enactment of the Criminal Procedure

Code. There are three circumstances under which the inherent

jurisdiction may be exercised, namely (i) to give effect to an

order under the Code, (ii) to prevent abuse of the process of

Court, and iii) to otherwise secure the ends of justice.

21. …It would be an abuse of process of the court to allow any

action which would result in injustice and prevent promotion

of justice. In exercise of the powers, the court would be

justified to quash any proceeding if it finds that the initiation

or continuance of it amounts to abuse of the process of court

8

2024 SCC OnLine SC 759.

17

or quashing of these proceedings would otherwise serve the

ends of justice. When no offence is disclosed by the complaint,

the court may examine the question of fact. When a complaint

is sought to be quashed, it is permissible to look into the

materials to assess what the complainant has alleged and

whether any offence is made out even if the allegations are

accepted in toto.

36. For the foregoing reasons, we have reached to the

conclusion that if the criminal proceedings are allowed to

continue against the Appellant, the same will be nothing short

of abuse of process of law & travesty of justice. This is a fit

case wherein, the High Court should have exercised its

inherent power under Section 482 of the Cr. P.C. for the

purpose of quashing the criminal proceedings.”

16. It is submitted on behalf of the respondent that after

investigation, charge sheet has already been filed and that this

Court should not interfere with the judgment of the High Court.

The chargesheet is on record and we have examined it carefully , it

simply reproduces all the wordings of the complaint. There is

nothing new even after investigation, the allegations made in the

FIR/complaint are exactly the allegations in the charge sheet. Even

otherwise, the position of law is well entrenched. There is no

prohibition against quashing of the criminal proceedings even after

the charge sheet has been filed. In Anand Kumar Mohatta v. State

(NCT of Delhi)

9.

"14. First, we would like to deal with the submission of the

learned Senior Counsel for Respondent 2 that once the charge-

sheet is filed, petition for quashing of FIR is untenable. We do

not see any merit in this submission, keeping in mind the

position of this Court in Joseph Salvaraj A. v. State of Gujarat...

9

(2019) 11 SCC 706.

18

15. Even otherwise it must be remembered that the provision

invoked by the accused before the High Court is Section 482

CrPC and that this Court is hearing an appeal from an order

under Section 482 CrPC….

16. There is nothing in the words of this section which restricts

the exercise of the power of the Court to prevent the abuse of

process of court or miscarriage of justice only to the stage of

the FIR. It is settled principle of law that the High Court can

exercise jurisdiction under Section 482 CrPC even when the

discharge application is pending with the trial court. Indeed, it

would be a travesty to hold that proceedings initiated against

a person can be interfered with at the stage of FIR but not if it

has advanced and the allegations have materialised into a

charge-sheet. On the contrary it could be said that the abuse

of process caused by FIR stands aggravated if the FIR has

taken the form of a charge-sheet after investigation. The power

is undoubtedly conferred to prevent abuse of process of power

of any court."

Similar view is taken by this Court in Joseph Salvaraj A. v. State

of Gujarat

10; A.M. Mohan v. State

11; Mamta Shailesh Chandra v.

State of Uttarakhand

12.

17. Having considered the matter in detail, we are of the opinion

that none of the ingredients of Sections 498A, 323, 504, 506 read

with Section 34 IPC are made out. We have no hesitation in

arriving at the conclusion that if the criminal proceedings are

allowed to continue against the appellants, the same will be

nothing short of abuse of process of law and travesty of justice.

Though the appellants have also argued on the ground that Jalna

10

(2011) 7 SCC 59.

11

2024 SCC OnLine SC 339.

12

2024 SCC OnLine SC 136.

19

Police Station and the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jalna did not

have jurisdiction, we are not inclined to examine that position in

view of our finding that the C omplaint/FIR and the chargesheet

cannot be sustained.

18. For the reasons above mentioned, we allow the present

appeal, set aside the impugned judgment and order of the High

Court in Criminal Application No. 4015 of 2014 dated 05.05.2017,

and quash FIR dated 25.03.2013 bearing Crime No. 81/2013 filed

under Sections 498A, 323, 504, 506 read with Section 34 IPC at

P.S. Jalna and the chargesheet dated 30.07.2013 bearing

Chargesheet No. 123/2013 in the above FIR.

………………………………....J.

[PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA]

………………………………....J.

[PANKAJ MITHAL]

NEW DELHI;

September 25, 2024.