As per case facts, a petition was filed seeking to quash a complaint by the Haryana State Pollution Control Board against a partner of M/s Shree Nathan Bricks Co. The ...
CRM-M-45494-2022 (O&M)
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA
AT CHANDIGARH
140
CRM-M-45494-2022 (O&M)
Reserved on: 19.01.2026.
Date of Decision: 25.02.2026.
Uploaded On: 25.02.2026.
NARESH KUMAR JAIN
... Petitioner(s)
VERSUS
HARYANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD AND OTHERS
... Respondent(s)
CORAM : HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE VINOD S. BHARDWAJ
*****
Present: - Mr. Raghav Sharma, Advocate,
for the petitioner(s).
Mr. Pawan Girdhar, Sr. Advocate, with
Mr. Ayush Neeraj Vaid, Advocate,
for respondent no.1
Mr. Arun Sharma, Advocate, for
Mr. Abhivadya Sood, Advocate,
for respondents No. 2 to 5.
*****
VINOD S. BHARDWAJ, J.
1. The instant petition has been filed seeking quashing of complaint
NO. 06/2022 dated 06.05.2022 titled as “Haryana Pollution Control Board vs
M/s Shree Nathan Bricks Company and others” and all consequential
CRM-M-45494-2022
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proceedings arising therefrom including the summoning order dated
06.05.2022 qua the present petitioner pending before the Special Environment
Court, Kurukshetra.
2.
The above complaint was filed by the Haryana State Pollution
Control Board (hereinafter referred to as HSPCB) alleging that the accused
partnership firm - M/s Shree Nathan Bricks Co., a partnership firm engaged
in the business of manufacturing bricks and tiles, was operating a brick kiln
in violation of statutory and regulatory mandates. It is specifically alleged in
the complaint that the kiln was being run without conversion into the
prescribed zig-zag technology and that prohibited fuel, namely rubber and
plastic scrap, was being used for firing purposes. Such acts are in clear breach
of the conditions imposed under the Consent to Operate (CTO) granted under
Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
(hereinafter referred to as “Act of 1981), as well as in contravention of the
order dated 11.12.2018, which enumerates the list of approved fuels
permissible for such operations. It is further alleged that the petitioner herein
is one of the partners of the said firm, actively managing and supervising its
day-to-day affairs. By virtue of his position and control over the operations of
the unit, he is deemed to be responsible for the acts, omissions and
commissions carried out on behalf of the firm. The complaint asserts that the
petitioner herein is liable not only in his representative capacity as a partner
but also individually as the person in charge of the conduct of the business. It
is alleged that the aforesaid violations were committed knowingly and with
the consent and connivance of all the accused. Accordingly, the petitioner was
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sought to be prosecuted under Sections 37 and 39 read with Section 40 of the
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
3.
Learned counsel appearing for the petitioner contends that in
terms of the partnership agreement dated 01.04.2014 executed between the
petitioner and respondents No. 3 to 5, the petitioner was entitled only to 5%
of the net profits or losses arising from the business of the brick kiln. It is
submitted that the petitioner’s role was limited and confined to such financial
participation, without any involvement in the operational or managerial affairs
of the firm.
4.
Counsel contends that the competent authorities had granted
permission to M/s Shree Nathan Bricks Co. to operate the brick kiln for the
period from 01.04.2018 to 31.03.2019. During an inspection conducted on
02.03.2019, certain deficiencies were allegedly noticed, pursuant to which the
impugned complaint came to be filed on 06.05.2022. Learned counsel
emphasizes that the petitioner has been residing in Canada since 1998 and has
been granted Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status, holding a Canadian
passport along with his family and was not physically present in India during
the relevant period and had no role in the day-to-day functioning of the unit.
5.
It is contended that the petitioner was merely a “sleeping partner”
with a marginal share of 5% in the net profits or losses and was neither an
active nor a working partner. He had no control over the management,
supervision or conduct of the affairs of the brick kiln. It is contended that the
complaint neither contains any averment demonstrating that the petitioner was
in charge of or responsible for the conduct of the business at the relevant time
CRM-M-45494-2022
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nor does it disclose any material to attract vicarious liability.
6.
Counsel submits that the partnership agreement itself clearly
delineates the respective roles of the partners. As per the terms thereof,
respondents No. 2 to 4 were designated as the working partners and were
expressly entrusted with the responsibility of managing and operating the
brick kiln. The said working partners were also entitled to remuneration for
the services rendered by them, which demonstrates that the operational control
and managerial authority vested exclusively in them.
7.
It is submitted that the status of the petitioner as a sleeping
partner is further borne out from the contents of the complaint itself. It is
pointed out that all statutory proceedings, inspections and interactions with
the authorities were attended to by the other partners and that on the date of
inspection, the petitioner was neither present nor shown to have participated
in any capacity. Additionally, learned counsel has drawn attention of this court
to the affidavits furnished by the co-partners in support of the petitioner’s plea,
wherein it has been categorically averred that the petitioner had no concern
with the operational activities of the brick kiln and exercised no control over
its management or affairs. Thus, the petitioner cannot be fastened with
vicarious liability in the absence of specific material demonstrating his active
involvement or responsibility for the alleged violations.
8.
In support of the aforesaid submissions, learned counsel places
reliance upon the judgments of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in National Small
Industries Corporation Ltd. v. Harmeet Singh Paintal & Another, 2010 (1)
Apex Court Judgments (SC) 638, and Anita Malhotra v. Apparel Export
CRM-M-45494-2022
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Promotion Council & Another, 2011 (4) R.C.R. (Civil) 930, to contend that
in the absence of specific averments establishing active involvement or
responsibility for the conduct of business, a partner cannot be mechanically
arraigned as an accused merely by virtue of holding such status.
9.
Per Contra, learned senior counsel appearing for respondent no.
1 - HSPCB contends that the plea of the petitioner that he is merely a “sleeping
partner” holding 5% share in the profits or losses of the firm does not, by
itself, absolve him of statutory liability arising under the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Learned counsel submits that Section 40 of
the Air Act specifically provides that where an offence has been committed
by a company or firm, every person who, at the time of commission of the
offence, was in charge of and responsible to the firm for the conduct of its
business, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence. The term “company”
under the Act expressly includes a firm, and “director” in relation to a firm
includes a partner. Therefore, every partner is prima facie liable unless he
discharges the burden of proving that the offence was committed without his
knowledge or that he exercised due diligence to prevent its commission.
10.
It is further submitted that the partnership agreement dated
01.04.2014 demonstrates that the petitioner is an admitted partner of accused
No. 1-firm. The firm had applied for and obtained Consent to Operate (CTO)
under Section 21 of the Air Act in its name, and the operations were carried
out under the collective authority and responsibility of all partners. Learned
counsel contends that the inspection conducted on 02.03.2019 revealed
serious violations, including failure to convert the kiln into prescribed zig-zag
CRM-M-45494-2022
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technology and use of prohibited fuel such as rubber and plastic scrap. These
violations were not minor procedural lapses but constituted substantive
breaches of statutory conditions and environmental safeguards.
11.
It is submitted that the contention that the petitioner resides in
Canada and holds Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status is wholly
irrelevant. Learned counsel submits that physical absence from India does not
ipso facto negate legal responsibility. A partner cannot evade statutory
liability merely by residing abroad while continuing to retain partnership
rights, financial interest and legal status in the firm. If the petitioner chose to
remain a partner and enjoy profit-sharing benefits, he cannot disclaim
responsibility when statutory violations are detected.
12.
It is further argued that the complaint contains specific averments
that respondent Nos. 2 to 5 and the petitioner, were partners of the firm and
were responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the business. At the stage of
summoning or trial, detailed proof of individual roles is not required; the
sufficiency of averments must be tested at trial. The question whether the
petitioner had knowledge of or exercised due diligence to prevent the offence
is a matter of evidence and cannot be adjudicated in proceedings seeking
quashing.
13.
It is finally submitted that environmental violations affect the
community at large and regulatory compliance cannot be diluted by
permitting partners to take refuge under the plea of being “sleeping partners.”
The petitioner, being an admitted partner and beneficiary of the business, is
rightly arrayed as an accused, and the complaint discloses sufficient material
CRM-M-45494-2022
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to proceed against him in accordance with law.
14.
I have heard the counsel appearing for the parties and have gone
through the documents appended with the present petition.
15.
The petitioner is admittedly one of the partners of respondent No.
2–firm, which is engaged in the business of operating a brick kiln. It is the
case of the petitioner that he was inducted into the partnership merely as a
sleeping partner. As per the terms of the partnership deed, his financial
participation in the firm is restricted to 5% of the net profits or losses, whereas
the remaining 95% share in the business vests with the other partners, namely
respondents No. 3 to 5. The partnership deed, clearly demarcates the roles of
the partners and indicates that respondents No. 3 to 5 were designated as the
working partners, entrusted with the responsibility of managing, supervising
and conducting the day-to-day operations of the brick kiln and that the
petitioner neither participated in the management nor exercised any control
over the operational or regulatory affairs of the firm. In further substantiation
of this plea, affidavits sworn by respondents No. 3 to 5 have been placed on
record along with the present petition. In the said affidavits, the working
partners have categorically affirmed that the petitioner had no involvement in
the daily functioning of the firm, did not supervise the operations of the brick
kiln and exercised no control over compliance-related matters. They have
reiterated that the petitioner’s association with the firm was limited to a
nominal financial stake, without any managerial authority
16.
In view of the above undisputed position, the pivotal question
that arises for consideration before this Court is whether a partner described
CRM-M-45494-2022
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as a “sleeping partner,” having no active role in the management or day-to-
day affairs of the partnership firm, can nevertheless be fastened with criminal
vicarious liability for the acts and omissions of the firm. The determination of
this issue necessitates an examination of the scope of deeming provisions
under the Act of 1981 and the extent to which mere status as a partner without
any active control or responsibility suffices to attract penal consequences.
17.
Thus, it is deemed necessary to refer to relevant provisions of the
Act of 1981 and the same are extracted as under: -
“40. Offences by companies.—(1) Where an offence under this
Act has been committed by a company, every person who, at the
time the offence was committed, was directly in charge of, and
was responsible to the company for the conduct of the business
of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be
guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against
and punished accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render
any such person liable to any punishment provided in this Act, if
he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge
or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission
of such offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where
an offence under this Act has been committed by a company and
it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent
or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of,
any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company,
such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be
deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be
proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation.—For the purpose of this section,—
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(a) “company” means any body corporate, and includes a firm
or other association of individuals; and
(b) “director”, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.”
(emphasis supplied)
18.
The provision uses certain specific expression while fastening
vicarious liability under Section 40 (1). It mandates that a person should be
‘directly’ incharge of and responsible to the Company for the conduct of
business. The expression “directly incharge” underlines a pro-active control
and not a remote or distant indirect interest into the affairs.
19.
The proviso to sub-Section (1) of Section 40 provides an
additional defence, if a petitioner shows that the violation was not to his
knowledge or that despite due diligence, offence was nonetheless committed.
20.
While the expression “directly incharge” protects the partners not
controlling the affairs, the proviso provides defence to the partners incharge
of affairs in case they prove lack of knowledge or establishes having followed
due diligence.
21.
While the substantive part of Section 40(1) creates a deeming
fiction whereby every person in charge of and responsible for the conduct of
the business shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence committed by the
company, the proviso carves out a statutory exception. The proviso expressly
stipulates that such a person shall not be liable to punishment if he proves that
the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he had exercised all
due diligence to prevent the commission of the offence. Thus, although the
initial presumption under Section 40(1) operates against persons in charge of
CRM-M-45494-2022
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the business, the statute simultaneously recognises that criminal liability must
be founded upon either knowledge, consent, connivance or failure to exercise
due care.
22.
The proviso thus ensures that vicarious criminal liability does not
attach mechanically to every partner merely by virtue of his designation or
formal association with the firm. Rather, liability is intended to be affixed only
upon those who were either aware of the contravention or who, being in a
position of responsibility, failed to exercise due diligence to prevent its
occurrence. It functions as a statutory safeguard, preventing the unwarranted
prosecution of individuals who were even though legally connected with the
enterprise, neither had knowledge of the offending act nor participated in or
permitted the breach.
23.
In the present case, certain facts, as pleaded, have not been
disputed by the respondents. Some of them are extracted as under: -
(i)
The petitioner claimed that he is an overseas citizen of
India, residing in Canada, since 1997 and running his
business of Pharmacy in Canada. Hence, he never
exercised any direct control over management of the brick
kiln.
(ii)
The petitioner attached the partnership agreement dated
01.04.2014, which has not been disputed. Clause 4 of the
Partnership agreement records about managing partners.
Clause 7 records the share of petitioner. The same are
extracted as under: -
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“4. It is agreed by and between the parties hereto
that Sh. Sukhbir Singh, Sh. Rajender and Sh. Sanjay
(herein after referred to as working partner) will
devote their time and attention to the conduct of the
affairs of the firm as the circumstances for and
business need may require which they will be allowed
remuneration. The total remuneration payable to the
working partners shall be worked out as under:-
a On the First of Rs.
3,00,000/- of
the book profit or in case of
loss
Rs.15000/- or 90% of the Book profit
whichever is more
b On the balance of the book
profit
60%
Explanation:
For the purpose of the clause the expression book
profit shall mean the book profit Income as defined in
Section 40 (B) of the Tax Act. modification or
enactment thereof for the time 1961 or any statutory
being in force.
Such total remuneration shall be paid to the working
partners in the following proportions: -
Sh. Sukhbir Singh 1/3rd
Sh. Rajender 1/3rd
Sh. Sanjay 1/3rd
The remuneration payable to the working partners as
above shall be credited to their respective accounts on
ascertainment of book profit.
CRM-M-45494-2022
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xxx xxx xxx
7. That after defraying all business expenses including
interest payable to the partners and had debts, if any,
the net profits or losses of the business as the case may
be shall be divided between or borne by the partners in
the following proportions:-
Sh. Naresh Kumar Jain 05%
Sh. Sukhbir Singh. 50%
Sh. Rajender 25%
Sh. Sanjay 20%
The above reflects no role of petitioner in the
management of kiln.
(iii)
In the reply filed by Haryana State Pollution Control
Board, they have admitted the partnership deed and
Overseas Citizen of India status of the petitioner.
24.
The respondent-Haryana State Pollution Control Board in its
reply on merits rather takes a stand that all partners, whether present or not,
are responsible for prosecution under Section 40 of the Act of 1981. The stand
is clearly based on an improper reading of the statutory provisions. Although,
the burden lies on the petitioner to prove that he was not ‘directly incharge’
of affairs, and cannot be cast upon the Haryana State Pollution Control Board
at the first stage, however, where undisputed documents and pleadings lead to
an admission about inactive role of petitioner the petitioner would be entitled
to claim protection as per Statute and immunity from prosecution.
25.
When the aforesaid statutory framework is examined in the
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context of the present case, it assumes material significance. The consistent
stand of the petitioner is that he was merely a sleeping partner with a limited
5% share in the profits or losses of the firm and had no role in the management
or day-to-day functioning of the brick kiln. The partnership deed on record
reflects that the operational control and managerial responsibilities vested
exclusively with respondents No. 3 to 5, who were designated as working
partners. The affidavits appended by the said partners further affirm that the
petitioner neither supervised the operations nor participated in regulatory
compliance matters. In such a factual backdrop, the deeming fiction under
Section 40(1) cannot be applied in a mechanical manner. If the petitioner was
neither in charge of nor responsible for, the conduct of the business at the
relevant time the protection embodied in the proviso becomes directly
attracted.
26.
The Hon’ble Supreme Court in Sham Sunder v. State of
Haryana, (1989) 4 SCC 630 has held that vicarious liability of a partner in a
firm is not automatic or universal. Only such person who was entrusted with
the conduct of the business of the firm and was, at the relevant time, in charge
of and responsible for its affairs can be prosecuted. Merely being a partner
does not render every individual liable for offences committed by the firm. It
has further been held that the initial burden lies upon the prosecution to
establish that the accused was, in fact, responsible for carrying on the business
of the firm and was in charge of its operations at the time when the alleged
offence was committed. Only upon discharge of this foundational burden does
the onus shift to the accused to demonstrate that the offence occurred without
CRM-M-45494-2022
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his knowledge or that he had exercised due diligence to prevent its
commission. In the absence of such foundational averments and proof by the
prosecution, the question of invoking vicarious liability does not arise. The
relevant extract of the aforesaid judgment is an under: -
“10. It is, therefore, necessary to add an emphatic note of
caution in this regard. More often it is common that some of the
partners of a firm may not even be knowing of what is going on
day to day in the firm. There may be partners, better known as
sleeping partners who are not required to take part in the
business of the firm. There may be ladies and minors who were
admitted for the benefit of partnership. They may not know
anything about the business of the firm. It would be a travesty of
justice to prosecute all partners and ask them to prove under the
proviso to sub-section (1) that the offence was committed without
their knowledge. It is significant to note that the obligation for
the accused to prove under the proviso that the offence took place
without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to
prevent such offence arises only when the prosecution establishes
that the requisite condition mentioned in sub-section (1) is
established. The requisite condition is that the partner was
responsible for carrying on the business and was during the
relevant time in charge of the business. In the absence of any such
proof, no partner could be convicted. We, therefore, reject the
contention urged by counsel for the State.
27.
In view of the foregoing discussion, I am of the opinion that
vicarious criminal liability under Section 40 of the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 cannot be fastened upon a partner merely by
virtue of his designation, in the absence of specific material demonstrating
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that he was in charge of and responsible for the conduct of the business at the
relevant time.
28.
In the present case, a careful perusal of the complaint as well as
the partnership deed unmistakably indicates that the petitioner was neither in
charge of nor responsible for the conduct of the day-to-day affairs of the
accused–firm and was associated therewith only as a sleeping partner. No
specific averments have been made to attribute to him any active role in the
management or operational control of the brick kiln at the relevant time.
29.
In such circumstances, permitting the criminal proceedings to
continue against the petitioner would amount to an unwarranted abuse of the
process of law. This Court, therefore, finds it to be a fit case for exercise of its
inherent jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to
secure the ends of justice and to prevent unnecessary harassment of the
petitioner.
30.
In view of the above, the present petition is allowed. Complaint
No. 06/2022 dated 06.05.2022 titled as “Haryana Pollution Control Board Vs.
M/s Shree Nathan Bricks Company and others” and all consequential
proceedings arising therefrom including the summoning order dated
06.05.2022 are hereby quashed qua the petitioner.
February 25, 2026. (VINOD S. BHARDWAJ)
raj arora JUDGE
Whether speaking/reasoned : Yes/No
Whether reportable : Yes/No
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