REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4210 OF 2023

[Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 5726 of 2020]

OM PRAKASH BANERJEE … APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ORS. … RESPONDENT(S)

JUDGMENT

KRISHNA MURARI, J.

Leave granted.

2.The present appeal is directed against the judgment and final order dated

10.12.2019 passed by the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta (hereinafter

referred to as ‘High Court’) in MAT No. 611 of 2018 and CAN No.

10038/2018 filed by the Appellant herein against the order dated 04.05.2018

passed by a Single Judge of the High Court in Writ Petition No. 31399 (W) of

2017, seeking regularisation of service.

3.The High Court dismissed MAT No. 611 of 2018 and CAN No.

10038/2018 filed by the Appellant herein.

1 2023 INSC 567

BRIEF FACTS:

4.The Appellant in the present case was a casual worker in Respondent

No.3- Municipality, since 1991. The brief facts giving rise to the present appeal

are that on 18.04.1991, the Appellant herein was appointed by Respondent

No.3- Municipality as a casual worker @ Rs.25/- on a daily wage basis, to assist

the Engineering Section of the Municipal Office. Prior to this, he had worked

as an enumerator in the Census of 1981 and 1991, respectively. On 14.06.1996,

the Appellant was appointed for 6 months on probation on a consolidated pay of

Rs.1000/- per month. On 22.01.1997, Director of Local Bodies, West Bengal,

issued a letter, wherein it was mentioned that as per order dated 13.03.1996,

casual workers who were engaged by different Urban Local Bodies up to

31.12.1991 and were still continuing as such will be eligible for absorption

against sanctioned and vacant Group “C” and “D” categories of post depending

upon their eligibility within the purview of approved staff pattern of the

respective Urban Local Bodies and as per the Board of the Councillors, subject

to the fulfilment of terms and conditions. However, such absorption never

actually happened.

5.In 1999, the Appellant herein along with 16 other casual workers of

Respondent No. 3- Municipality filed Writ Petition No. 19555 (W) of 1999

before the High Court, seeking a writ of mandamus directing Respondent No. 3-

Municipality herein to regularise and/or absorb in permanent vacancies in which

2

they were discharging their duties as casual workers. On 09.03.2000, an office

order was issued by Respondent No.- 3 Municipality stating that in pursuance of

his satisfactory performance since last 3 years, he is being appointed in the post

of Clerk in the dispatch section in the scale of Rs. 3350-6325/- plus usual

admissible allowances with retrospective effect from February, 2000. On

20.06.2000, the High Court dismissed the aforementioned Writ Petition No.

19555 (W) of 1999. The relevant portion of the High Court’s order is being

reproduced hereunder :-

“By the order dated 26th September, 1996 passed in C.O. No.

9662(W) of 1991, the respondent municipality was directed to

consider the case of the writ petitioners for absorption in the

permanent vacancy. Pursuant to the said order, the case of the

petitioners were considered and they were ultimately absorbed

in permanent vacancies. Prior to such absorption, the

petitioners were serving as casual workers. Upon such

absorption, the petitioners have been granted the regular scale

of pay with effect from the date of their permanent absorption.

Such permanent absorption was made considering the service

of the writ petitioners as casual workers in the respondent

municipality for a considerable period of time and therefore,

such permanent absorption in the regular vacancy did not

relate to an appointment with a retrospective effect and as

such the petitioners are not entitled to such a permanent

and/or regular scale upon such absorption with a back date.

This writ petition does not submit any consideration. Hence,

the case is dismissed.”

Following this, the Appellant wrote several letters and reminders to the

Respondents for considering his eligibility and gradation list for absorption

under the exempted category to the sanctioned posts; but to no avail.

3

6.On 15.12.2003, 60 employees including 4 Writ Petitioners in the

aforementioned Writ Petition No. 19555 (W) of 1999, were regularised.

However, the Appellant’s service has not been regularised till date. On

08.03.2005, some 24 more employees were regularised in service by

Respondent No. 3- Municipality.

7. Since February, 2000, the Appellant was receiving a higher pay scale and

admissible allowances. But, from July, 2010, the allowances and increments

were stopped. Being aggrieved, the Appellant, along with another employees,

filed Writ Petition No. 17892 (W) of 2010 before the High Court. Vide Order

dated 03.09.2010, the said Writ Petition was disposed of by directing

Respondent No. 2 herein to pass a reasoned order with regard to the question of

approval of the petitioners in the Municipality within 8 weeks.

8.On 08.11.2010, a meeting of the Board of Councilors was held, wherein

the agenda for approval of 76 employees was taken for consideration. In spite of

a specific direction of the High Court to pass a reasoned order within 8 weeks,

no such reasoned order was communicated to the Appellant. Being aggrieved,

the Appellant filed Writ Petition No. 18281 (W) of 2011 before the High Court.

Vide Order dated 09.01.2012, the said Writ Petition was disposed of by

directing Respondent No. 2 herein to dispose of the matter regarding the filling

up of vacant posts of clerks within 8 weeks. Accordingly, on 07.03.2012,

4

Respondent No. 2 herein passed a reasoned order stating that the filling up of

vacant posts of clerk cannot be considered for absorption from the gradation list

of pre-1992 casual workers. Hence, the Appellant herein was denied absorption

in regular service.

9.The Appellant states that till 2016, he made several representations for

compliance of High Court’s aforementioned Order dated 20.06.2000 passed in

Writ Petition No. 19555 (W) of 1999, but to no avail. It has been further stated

that some similarly situated employees filed Writ Petition No. 25838 (W) of

2014 and Writ Petition No. 18863 (W) of 2007 against Respondent No. 3-

Municipality, and, pursuant to the High Court’s orders in the said writ petitions,

their services were regularised by creating supernumerary post of pump

operator. On 05.04.2017, Joint Director of Local Bodies, Government of West

Bengal wrote a letter to the Chairman of Respondent No. 3- Municipality for

taking necessary action upon the Appellant’s request for regularisation.

However, no such action was taken in this regard.

10.Being aggrieved by the inaction of the Respondents, the Appellant herein

filed another Writ Petition [being Writ Petition No. 31399 (W) of 2017] before

the High Court. On 04.05.2018, the said Writ Petition was dismissed in view of

the aforementioned reasoned Order dated 07.03.2012 passed by Respondent No.

2. Being aggrieved by the dismissal of the Writ Petition, the Appellant filed an

5

intra-court appeal (being MAT No. 611 of 2018) before a Division Bench of the

High Court. During the pendency of the said appeal, Respondent No. 3-

Municipality issued a letter to Respondent No. 2 for granting approval of

appointment of 23 employees including the Appellant herein. Vide impugned

Judgment and Order dated 10.12.2019, the High Court dismissed the appeal

filed by the Appellant herein.

11.It is against this judgment of the High Court that the Appellant has

preferred the present Civil Appeal.

12.We have heard learned counsel for the parties.

SUBMISSIONS:

13.Mr. Surajdipta Seth, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Appellant

argued that the Appellant had been continuously writing letters in 2016 and

2017, and even after 15 years of litigation since 1996, after High Court’s

directions regarding the Appellant’s absorption, the Respondents never absorbed

the Appellant into regular service, even though his co-employees were. As such,

the High Court ought to have adopted a sympathetic approach towards the

Appellant and should not have dismissed his appeal on the technical ground of

delay.

6

14.The learned counsel further argued that the Appellant is an ex-census

worker working continuously from 1981, i.e., before the commencement of

West Bengal Municipal Act. Vide G.O. dated 19.03.1996, all those engaged

prior to 31.12.1991 and still continuing in service, became eligible for

absorption, and so did the Appellant. The learned counsel also made a mention

of G.O. dated 21.08.2002, which places ex-census employees in the exempted

category which is to be directly absorbed in permanent vacancy. Moreover, the

G.O. dated 28.06.2004 states that no approval of the Directorate of Local

Bodies is required for appointments that fall under the purview of Local

Bodies/Municipalities.

15.The learned counsel further contended that the Appellant though

qualifying all criteria, exemptions and despite the High Court’s directions for

absorption, he was sidelined while several other similarly placed employees

(including his juniors) were absorbed. The learned counsel brought our attention

towards the High Court’s Order dated 26.09.1996 in CO No. 9662 of 1991,

directing the Appellant’s absorption in permanent vacancy. Moreover, on

22.01.1997, the Respondents directed the regularisation of those engaged prior

to 31.12.1991 and were still continuing. However, such absorption of the

Appellant never happened in spite of the orders. The learned counsel also

brought to our attention the fact that the High Court’s Order dated 20.06.2000

passed in Writ Petition No. 19555 of 1999 clearly reflects that absorption has

7

been given effect to vide Order dated 26.09.1996 passed in the aforementioned

CO No. 9662 of 1991. The High Court had dismissed the writ petition to the

extent of entitlement of back dated appointment and arrears. However, the

Respondents never paid any heed to such order and inordinately delayed the

Appellant’s appointment, while simultaneously absorbing other casual

employees. The learned counsel argued that when a particular set of employees

is given relief by the Court, all other similarly situated persons should be treated

alike by extending the same benefit. Not doing so would amount to

discrimination, arbitrariness and would be in violation of Article 14 of the

Constitution. The learned counsel also referred to several letters in this regard as

well as the Appellant’s service book which mentions that Respondent No. 3-

Municipality has absorbed the Appellant in view of the High Court’s Order

dated 20.06.2000 in Writ Petition No. 19555 (W) of 1999. The learned counsel

also placed on record the memo of the Chairman of Respondent No. 3-

Municipality dated 15.09.2006, proposing the regularisation of 12 persons

including the Appellant. The High Court in its Order dated 03.09.2010 passed in

Writ Petition No. 17892 of 2010 has also recorded submissions of the

Respondents that resolutions for the Appellant’s absorption are already in place

and the same have been sent for approval.

16.The learned counsel then argued that the High Court ought to have looked

that the facts of the present case are clearly distinguishable from the facts of

8

Secretary, State of Karnataka vs Umadevi

1

, since it cannot be applied to a case

where regularisation has been sought in pursuance of Article 14. In support of

her argument, the learned counsel relied on this Court’s judgment in UP SEB vs

Pooran Chandra Pandey

2

, the facts of which are similar to the present case. In

the said case, it was held that the decision in Umadevi (supra) cannot be

applied mechanically without seeing the facts of a particular case, as a little

difference in facts can make Umadevi (supra) inapplicable. Lastly, the learned

counsel mentioned that the Appellant retired in 2021 (after a service of 30

years) without any benefits.

17.Per contra, Ms. Astha Sharma, AOR, learned counsel appearing on behalf

of Respondents No. 1 and 2 argued that the High Court has rightly dismissed

Writ Petition No. 31399 (W) of 2017, as the same was filed by the Appellant

after an inordinate delay of 5 years, and the representations made by the

Appellant do not constitute a sufficient ground to condone the delay. In this

regard, the learned counsel relied on this Court’s judgment in Surjeet Singh

Sahni vs State of U.P. & Ors.

3

, wherein it has been held that representation does

not extend the period of limitation and the aggrieved person has to approach the

court expeditiously and within reasonable time.

1 (2006) 4 SCC 1

2 (2007) 11 SCC 92

3 2022 SCC OnLine SC 249

9

18.The learned counsel brought to our notice the High Court’s order dated

24.08.2009, passed in Writ Petition ST No. 483 of 2009. In the said order, the

High Court declared regularisation circulars dated 13.08.1979, 28.08.1980 and

13.03.1996, respectively, as ultra vires to the Constitution. Therefore, the said

circulars have seized to exist in the eyes of law. The learned counsel also

contended that the High Court in its order dated 20.06.2000 passed in Writ

Petition No. 19555 (W) of 1999, had rightly held that the absorption of

permanent vacancies of casual workers would not be considered retrospectively

and would only have a prospective effect. She further contended that the

Appellant failed to produce documents before the High Court to substantiate if

the Order dated 04.05.2018 passed in Writ Petition No. 31399 (W) of 2017

suffers from any perversity.

19.Learned counsel placed reliance on this Court’s judgment in Umadevi

(supra) wherein it has been held that casual/temporary/ad hoc appointees are

not entitled to regularisation. The relevant portion of the said judgment is being

reproduced hereunder:

“19. One aspect arises. Obviously, the State is also controlled by economic

considerations and financial implications of any public employment. The

viability of the department or the instrumentality of the project is also of equal

concern for the State. The State works out the scheme taking into

consideration the financial implications and the economic aspects. Can the

court impose on the State a financial burden of this nature by insisting on

regularisation or permanence in employment, when those employed

temporarily are not needed permanently or regularly? As an example, we can

envisage a direction to give permanent employment to all those who are being

temporarily or casually employed in a public sector undertaking. The burden

may become so heavy by such a direction that the undertaking itself may

10

collapse under its own weight. It is not as if this had not happened. So, the

court ought not to impose a financial burden on the State by such directions, as

such directions may turn counterproductive.”

The learned counsel also argued that the Appellant cannot claim that he has

been discriminated as against those who have been regularly recruited. She

stated that it has been rightly held in Umadevi (supra) that there is no

fundamental right in those who have been employed on daily wages or

temporarily or on contractual basis, to claim that they have a right to be

absorbed in service. Therefore, there is no violation of Articles 14 and 16 in the

matter.

20.Learned counsel also relied on this Court’s judgment in Union of India v.

Vartak Labour Union.

4

The relevant portion of the said judgment is being

reproduced hereunder:

“17. We are of the opinion that the respondent Union's claim for regularisation

of its members merely because they have been working for the BRO for a

considerable period of time cannot be granted in light of several decisions of

this Court, wherein it has been consistently held that casual employment

terminates when the same is discontinued, and merely because a temporary or

casual worker has been engaged beyond the period of his employment, he

would not be entitled to be absorbed in regular service or made permanent, if

the original appointment was not in terms of the process envisaged by the

relevant rules.”

ANALYSIS:

21.We have carefully considered the rival contentions advanced at the Bar.

4 (2011) 4 SCC 200

11

22.At the outset, we would like to state that this a case of gross violation of

Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The Appellant, who has been working in

Respondent No. 3- Municipality since 1991, and was, subsequently, appointed

as a clerk in 1996; has not been regularised in his service. Moreover, his several

of his co-employees (including juniors) have been regularised in service. The

High Court’s Order dated 20.06.2000 in Writ Petition No. 19555 of 1999 clearly

shows that absorption has been given effect to vide Order dated 26.09.1996. The

said writ petition was dismissed to the extent of entitlement of back dated

appointment and arrears. However, the Respondents never paid any heed to

such order and inordinately delayed the Appellant’s appointment, while

simultaneously absorbing other casual employees. Even the Appellant’s service

book records that Respondent No. 3- Municipality has absorbed the Appellant in

view of the High Court’s Order dated 20.06.2000 in Writ Petition No. 19555

(W) of 1999.

23.The Respondent has relied on Umadevi (supra) judgment to contend that

there is no fundamental right in those who have been employed on daily wages

or temporarily or on contractual basis, to claim that they have a right to be

absorbed in service. The relevant portion of the factual position in Umadevi

(supra) is being reproduced as hereunder:

“8. ….the respondents therein who were temporarily engaged on daily wages

in the Commercial Taxes Department in some of the districts of the State of

12

Karnataka claim that they worked in the Department based on such

engagement for more than 10 years and hence they are entitled to be made

permanent employees of the Department, entitled to all the benefits of regular

employees. They were engaged for the first time in the years 1985-86 and in

the teeth of orders not to make such appointments issued on 3-7-1984. Though

the Director of Commercial Taxes recommended that they be absorbed, the

Government did not accede to that recommendation. These respondents

thereupon approached the Administrative Tribunal in the year 1997 with their

claim. The Administrative Tribunal rejected their claim finding that they had

not made out a right either to get wages equal to that of others regularly

employed or for regularisation. Thus, the applications filed were dismissed.

The respondents approached the High Court of Karnataka challenging the

decision of the Administrative Tribunal. It is seen that the High Court without

really coming to grips with the question falling for decision in the light of the

findings of the Administrative Tribunal and the decisions of this Court,

proceeded to order that they are entitled to wages equal to the salary and

allowances that are being paid to the regular employees of their cadre in

government service with effect from the dates from which they were

respectively appointed. It may be noted that this gave retrospective effect to

the judgment of the High Court by more than 12 years. The High Court also

issued a command to the State to consider their cases for regularisation within

a period of four months from the date of receipt of that order. The High Court

seems to have proceeded on the basis that, whether they were appointed

before 1-7-1984, a situation covered by the decision of this Court in Dharwad

District PWD Literate Daily Wage Employees Assn. v. State of

Karnataka [(1990) 2 SCC 396 : 1990 SCC (L&S) 274 : (1990) 12 ATC 902 :

(1990) 1 SCR 544] and the scheme framed pursuant to the direction

thereunder, or subsequently, since they have worked for a period of 10 years,

they were entitled to equal pay for equal work from the very inception of their

engagement on daily wages and were also entitled to be considered for

regularisation in their posts.”

24.However, in the present case, as we have observed, the Appellant was

appointed as a casual worker in 1991. While the services of other co-employees

were regularised, that of the Appellant and some others was left out. The High

Court in its Order dated 03.09.2010 passed in Writ Petition No. 17892 of 2010

has also recorded the Respondents’ submissions that resolutions pertaining to

the Appellant’s absorption are already in place and the same have been sent for

necessary approval. Therefore, the judgment rendered in Umadevi (supra) will

not apply to the facts and circumstances of the present case.

13

25.Now, coming to the Reasoned Order dated 07.03.2012 passed by

Respondent No. 2 herein, which states that in pursuance of the High Court’s

order dated 24.08.2009 to not to give effect to the instruction of the Labour

Department (pertaining to regularisation of casual employees) as communicated

in the circulars dated 13.08.1979, 28.08.1980 and 13.03.1996; the Appellant’s

services cannot be regularised. However, what is to be seen here is that, as early

as 2002, i.e., the High Court’s Order dated 20.06.2000 in Writ Petition No.

19555 of 1999 clearly shows that absorption has been given effect to vide Order

dated 26.09.1996. Moreover, as has been observed above, the Respondents had

also submitted before the High Court in Writ Petition No. 17892 of 2010 that

resolutions pertaining to the Appellant’s absorption are already in place and the

same have been sent for necessary approval. Apart from this, as is evident from

the facts and circumstances mentioned above, the non-regularisation of the

services of the Appellant in the present case, is, in our view, a violation of the

fundamental rights of equality before law and equality of opportunity in matters

relating to employment under the State, as enshrined under Article 14 and

Article 16(1) of the Constitution, respectively. It is to be noted that the

Appellant has retired in 2021.

26.The facts of U.P. SEB (supra) are similar to the case at hand. The

relevant portion of the said judgment is being reproduced hereunder:

14

“3. By means of the writ petition, 34 petitioners who were daily wage

employees of the Cooperative Electric Supply Society (hereinafter referred to

as “the Society”) had prayed for regularisation of their services in the U.P.

State Electricity Board (hereinafter referred to as “the Electricity Board”). It

appears that the Society had been taken over by the Electricity Board on 3-4-

1997. A copy of the minutes of the proceeding dated 3-4-1997 is Annexure P-2

to this appeal. That proceeding was presided over by the Minister of

Cooperatives, U.P. Government and there were a large number of senior

officers of the State Government present in the proceeding. In the said

proceeding, it was mentioned that the daily wage employees of the Society

who are being taken over by the Board will start working in the Electricity

Board “in the same manner and position”.

4. Pursuant to the said proceeding, the respondents herein were absorbed in

the service of the Electricity Board.

5. Earlier, the Electricity Board had taken a decision on 28-11-1996 to

regularise the services of its employees working on daily-wage basis from

before 4-5-1990 on the existing vacant posts and that an examination for

selection would be held for that purpose.

6. The contention of the writ petitioners (the respondents herein) was that

since the Society had been taken over by the Electricity Board, the decision

dated 28-11-1996 taken by the Electricity Board with regard to its daily wage

employees will also be applicable to the employees of the Society who were

working from before 4-5-1990 and whose services stood transferred to the

Electricity Board and who were working with the Electricity Board on daily-

wage basis.

7. The learned Single Judge in his judgment dated 21-9-1998 held that there

was no ground for discriminating between two sets of employees who are

daily wagers, namely, (i) the original employees of the Electricity Board, and

(ii) the employees of the Society, who subsequently became the employees of

the Electricity Board when the Society was taken over by the Electricity

Board. This view of the learned Single Judge was upheld by the Division

Bench of the High Court.

8. We are in agreement with the view taken by the Division Bench and the

learned Single Judge.

9. The writ petitioners who were daily wagers in the service of the Society

were appointed in the Society before 4-5-1990 and their services were taken

over by the Electricity Board “in the same manner and position”. In our

opinion, this would mean that their services in the Society cannot be ignored

for considering them for the benefit of the order dated 28-11-1996.

……..

19. In the present case many of the writ petitioners have been working from

1985 i.e. they have put in about 22 years' service and it will surely not be

reasonable if their claim for regularisation is denied even after such a long

period of service. Hence apart from discrimination, Article 14 of the

Constitution will also be violated on the ground of arbitrariness and

unreasonableness if employees who have put in such a long service are denied

15

the benefit of regularisation and are made to face the same selection which

fresh recruits have to face.”

27.The principles of natural justice, too, demand that the Appellant cannot be

denied the benefit of the regularisation of services when his similarly placed

fellow employees have been granted the said benefit.

28.Therefore, we do not agree with the view taken in the impugned

judgment of the High Court as well as by the learned Single Judge in Writ

Petition No. 31399 (W) of 2017. The Appellant herein, in our considered

opinion, is entitled to receive back wages and benefits from 1991, along with an

interest of 10%.

29.Accordingly, the Appeal is allowed. The impugned judgment of the High

Court dated 10.12.2019, passed in MAT No. 611 of 2018 and CAN No.

10038/2018 is hereby set aside. However, in the facts and circumstances of the

case, we do not make any order as to costs.

….......…………....……….,J.

(KRISHNA MURARI)

….…..…....…................…,J.

(SANJAY KAROL)

NEW DELHI;

19

TH

MAY, 2023

16