IN THE HIGH COURT OF MADHYA PRADESH

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AT JABALPUR

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BEFORE

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HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE VIVEK AGARWAL

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&

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HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE RATNESH CHANDRA SINGH BISEN

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ON THE 8

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th

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OF JANUARY, 2026

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CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 1848 of 2016

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DHAMSU

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Versus

THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH

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Appearance:

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Shri Rustam Khan - Advocate for the appellant.

Shri Abhishek Singh - Government Advocate for the

respondent/State.

ORDER

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Per

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: Justice Vivek Agarwal

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This Criminal Appeal is filed being aggrieved of the judgment

dated 22.06.2016 passed by learned Second Addl. Sessions Judge,

Multai District Betul in Sessions Case No. 248 of 2012, whereby learned

trial Court has convicted the present appellant Dhamsu S/o Jiyalal Gond

under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him with rigorous imprisonment

for life time and fine of Rs.10,000/- with default stipulation of one year's

rigorous imprisonment.

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. Learned counsel for the appellant submits that, prosecution

story in short is that on 05.07.2012 at about 09:00 a.m. Rukmani Bai,

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W/o Dilip Gond, R/o village Mayawadi was sitting in front of her home.

Her husband Dilip had gone to the Jungle to graze goats. At that time,

accused Dhamsu S/o Jiyalal Gond came and asked her, as to why she

had fought with his mother. When Rukmani, retorted and said that she

had not engaged in any duel, then Dhamsu was carrying a bottle of

petrol in his hand, poured petrol over Rukmani Bai and put her on fire.

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. Learned counsel for the appellant further submits that, on the

basis of the report, case Crime No. 439 of 2012 was registered under

Section 307 IPC at Police Station Multai District Betul. This FIR was

recorded by Rukmani Bai W/o Dilip Gond and it is available on record

as Ex.P-18.

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. It is further submitted that dying declaration of victim

Rukmani Bai is Ex.P-17, recorded at 13:50 hrs. on 05.07.2012 and

proved by Shri V.K. Divan (PW-13), Tehsildar. It is submitted that,

though incident took place on 05.07.2012, but Rukmani Bai died in the

month of October, 2012, therefore, even if all the facts are admitted and

dying declaration is taken to be correct, then also case will fall under

Section 304 Part-I IPC.

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. Reliance is placed on the judgment of M.P. High Court in the

case of Harji Vs. State of M.P. 2013(5) MPHT 466 (DB)

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and so also on

the judgement of Allahabad High Court in the case of Deepak & another

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Vs. State of U.P., decided on 20.10.2022 in CRA No. 1005 of 2013

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.

Reliance is also placed on the decision of Division Bench of this Court

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in the case of Badu Vs. State of M.P. decided on 24.10.2013 in CRA No.

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523 of 2006,

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so also on the judgment of Supreme Court in the case of

Maniben Vs. State of Gujrat (2009)8 SCC 796

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and prayer is made to

alter the conviction from one under Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part-

I IPC.

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. Shri Abhishek Singh, learned Government Advocate opposes

the prayer and submits that, there is no ground to show indulgence in the

present Criminal Appeal.

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. After hearing learned counsel for the parties and going

through the records, it is an admitted fact that victim Rukmani Bai

herself is the author of the FIR (Ex.P-18). She had also recorded Dehati

Nalishi (Ex.P-17). In Dehati Nalishi, recorded on 05.07.2012 at about

12:25 noon, it is mentioned that she is resident of Mayawadi, working as

a labourer. Thereafter, she has stated what has been reproduced above in

the prosecution story. On the basis of this very Dehati Nalishi, FIR

(Ex.P-18) was recorded at 16:30 hrs. vide Rojnamcha Sanha Entry No.

249 on 05.07.2012 under Section 307 IPC.

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. Vide Ex.P-19, victim was subjected to medical examination

and in her medical examination, it is mentioned that she was suffering

from Second Degree Burn about 70%. Dry, about less than 12 hrs.

Blister seen. Hair almost intact. Patient referred to District Hospital,

Betul. Dying declaration made/advise. This MLC is proved by Sub-

Inspector S.S. Sharma (PW-17).

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9

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. Dying Declaration given by Rukmani Bai is available on

record as Ex.P-17, in which when the Executive Magistrate V.K. Divan

(PW-13) asked Rukmani (victim), as to what happened, then she stated

that Dhamsu Gond poured petrol and put her on fire. She stated that,

incident took place at about 09:00 a.m. in front of her house. At the time

of the incident, her mother-in-law, Sajjo Bai was present and later on

village Kotwar Arjun also came and saw. She stated that, there was an

altercation with mother of Dhamsu two days prior i.e. on Monday and

therefore, he had poured petrol and put her on fire.

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. Post-mortem was conducted and report is avilable on record

as Ex.P-16 in which, it is mentioned by the concerned Doctor, Dr. N.K.

Rohit (PW-12) that, in postmortem finding regarding cause of death of

Smt. Rukmani was septicemia, due to infective deep extensive burn.

Time passed since death within 12 to 24 hrs. at the time of postmortem

examination which was conducted on 07.10.2012.

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. Phoolwati (PW-1) stated that Rukmani is her ' Nanad'. She

stated that, she had received information that Rukmani was admitted in a

hospital at Betul. Rukmani had informed her that appellant had poured

petrol over her and put her on fire. In cross-examination, this witness

(PW-1) has stated that, she had no conversation with Rukmani Bai and

she had not said anything to her. Thus, testimony of this witness is of no

use.

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. Dilip (PW-6) stated that, his wife Rukmani Bai was found in

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burnt condition at home. His mother Sajjo Bai was taking care of his

wife and poured water over her. Rukmani had informed him that

Dhamsu Gond had poured petrol and put her on fire by lighting a

matchstick. Her chest, neck/throat alongwith Saree had completely

burnt. He stated that, he had taken Rukmani Bai to Multai Hospital in a

jeep alongwith Arjun Kotwar, where statements of Rukmani were

recorded, then Doctor had referred her to Betul. This witness stated that,

Dhamsu's mother had a dispute with Rukmani, therefore, Dhamsu

poured petrol on Rukmani. After her death, he had carried out last rites

of Rukmani.

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. In cross-examination, this witness (PW-6) has admitted that

Rukmani was not his married wife. She was living with him. He has

denied a suggestion that Rukmani Bai was either alcoholic or had taken

alcohol at the time of the incident. This witness admits that, when

Rukmani Bai got burnt at that time, he was not at home. A suggestion

was given to this witness that, Rukmani Bai used to prepare food on

' Chulha' and to lit a ' Chulha' kerosene oil is used, he stated that, at his

house, fire wood is used to lit the ' Chulha'. This witness admitted that,

two days prior to the incident, there was an altercation between Rukmani

Bai and the mother of appellant. This witness also admits that at Multai,

dying declaration of victim was recorded.

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. Ramesh Pawar (PW-7), Sarpanch of the village Mayawadi is

a hearsay witness. He stated that, Dilip Gond had informed him that,

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Dhamsu had poured petrol over Rukmani Bai. He further stated that, he

and Arjun Kotwar had gone to the house of Rukmani where she was

lying in front of her house. Her face and chest was burnt, so also her

saree was sticking to the body. She was shouting and had informed that

Dhamsu had poured petrol and lit a matchstick. In his cross-

examination, this witness admits that, he had not seen the incident.

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. Arjun (PW-8) who was working as Kotwar stated that, when

he had reached the place of incident, Rukmani was in a painful state. Her

face, back, chest and head were burnt. When he asked Rukmani, as to

what had happened, then she stated that, Dhamsu had put her on fire.

Even Dilip, who had met him on way, informed him that, Dhamsu had

poured petrol over Rukmani and put her on fire. A suggestion was given

to this witness in his cross-examination that he had no conversation with

Rukmani which, this witness has specifically denied. This witness has

also denied a suggestion that since Jiya Lal, father of Dhamsu had

worked against him in election, therefore, he was deposing against

Dhamsu.

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. Sajjo (PW-9) is mother-in-law of Rukmani. She has stated

that, on the date of the incident, she had gone to call her younger

daughter Sunita from the village. When she came back, then she found

Rukmani lying in a burnt state in front of the house shouting at high

pitch. She further stated that, she had poured water and had taken her

inside, given her cloths and in the meanwhile, Arjun Kotwar had come

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and he interrogated Rukmani, as to how incident had taken place, then

Rukmani informed that Dhamsu Gond had poured petrol and lit a

matchstick. A suggestion has been given to this witness in her cross-

examination, that Rukmani was drunk and therefore, she had fallen on

the ' Chula' as a result of which she caught fire, but this suggestion is

denied.

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. Dr. N.K. Rohit (PW-12) had conducted postmortem. He

stated that, Rukmani died because of excessive burns, which resulted in

septicemia. Death had occurred within 12 to 24 hours of postmortem.

His postmortem report is Ex.P-16.

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. V.K. Divan (PW-13), retired Tehsildar had recorded the

dying declaration of Rukmani. He proved dying declaration (Ex.P-17)

and identified her signature so also that of Dr. Pramod Malviya who had

certified Rukmani in a fit state to record her statement. There is no

material contradiction in the evidence of Executive Magistrate (PW-13)

Shri V.K. Divan, so to draw any adverse inference against the

prosecution story.

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. Dr. Ramesh Badwe (PW-14) had treated Rukmani at District

Hospital Betul, from where relative got her discharged for treatment at

Nagpur. This Doctor had certified 70% burn injuries on the body of

Rukmani.

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. Gannu (PW-15) is the father of Rukmani. He stated that

Rukmani had informed him about this incident. Rooplal (PW-16) is the

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brother of Rukani Bai. He too stated that, when he had reached Betul

Hospital, then Rukmani had informed him that Dhamsu had poured

petrol and burnt her.

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. Sub-Inspector, S.S. Sharma (PW-17) who had received the

intimation from Primary Health Center on 05.07.2012 and recorded

Dehati Nalishi and then FIR Ex.P-18 on the basis of Dehati Nalishi. R.D.

Patel (PW-18), had carried out investigation.

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. Dr. Pramod Malviya (PW-19) is the Doctor who had carried

out MLC (Ex. P-19 & P-19-A) and in front of whom dying declaration

(Ex.P-17) was recorded. He proved signatures of Shri V.K. Divan and he

also proved the dying declaration.

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. Thus, two facts are crystal clear. One Rukmani Bai was burnt

by the appellant, a fact which is tacitly admitted by learned counsel for

the appellant also. Now the only issue, which is to be examined and

answered herein is that, whether under the facts and circumstances of the

case, can conviction be altered from one Under Section 302 of IPC to

Section 304 Part-I IPC.

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. Before, adverting to the judgment referred to by the learned

counsel for the appellant, it will be appropriate to mention that, Section

299 of IPC defines culpable homicide. It states that "Whoever causes

death by doing an act with the intention of causing death, or with the

intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or

with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death, commits

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the offence of culpable homicide." Therefore, onus is on the appellant to

prove that the act of the appellant will not fall within the definition of

culpable homicide given under Section 299 IPC, coupled with the fact

that murder is define in Section 300 IPC. There are five exceptions to the

situation when culpable homicide is not murder. For ready reference,

they are noted hereunder:

"Exception 1

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.— When culpable homicide is not murder

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— Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, whilst

deprived of the power of self-control by grave and sudden

provocation, causes the death of the person who gave the

provocation or causes the death of any other person by

mistake or accident. The above exception is subject to the

following provisos : —

First. - That the provocation is not sought or voluntarily

provoked by the offender as an excuse for killing or doing

harm to any person.

Secondly. — That the provocation is not given by

anything done in obedience to the law, or by a public servant

in the lawful exercise of the powers of such public servant.

Thirdly. — That the provocation is not given by

anything done in the lawful exercise of the right of private

defence.

Explanation. — Whether the provocation was grave and

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sudden enough to prevent the offence from amounting to

murder is a question of fact.

Exception 2

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.— Culpable homicide is not murder if the

offender, in the exercise in good faith of the right of private

defence of person or property, exceeds the power given to him

by law and causes the death of the person against whom he is

exercising such right of defence without premeditation, and

without any intention of doing more harm than is necessary

for the purpose of such defence.

Exception 3.

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— Culpable homicide is not murder if the

offender, being a public servant or aiding a public servant

acting for the advancement of public justice, exceeds the

powers given to him by law, and causes death by doing an act

which he, in good faith, believes to be lawful and necessary

for the due discharge of his duty as such public servant and

without ill-will towards the person whose death is caused.

Exception 4

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. — Culpable homicide is not murder if it is

committed without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat

of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without the offender

having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual

manner.

Explanation.

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— It is immaterial in such cases which

party offers the provocation or commits the first assault.

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Exception 5

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. — Culpable homicide is not murder when

the person whose death is caused, being above the age of

eighteen years, suffers death or takes the risk of death with his

own consent."

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. When, this aspect is taken into consideration, then it is not a

case of accident. It is not the case of the defense that, accidentally

Rukmani was put on fire. Case of the prosecution is that, Dhamsu was

enraged with a fact that, Rukmani had an altercation with the mother of

the appellant. He had asked Rukmani, as to why she had an altercation

with his mother, two days back. Thereafter, he had poured petrol and lit

a matchstick. When this aspect is taken into consideration, then, both the

ingredients of Section 299 IPC, which defines culpable homicide i.e.

intention of causing death and knowledge that his act is likely to cause

death are made out.

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. Now the only exception to take out a case from the clutches

of Section 300 of IPC and to say that culpable homicide is not a murder

is covered under five exceptions given below Section 300 IPC.

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. Exception-1 provides that, if the offender, whilst deprived of

the power of self-control by grave and sudden provocation, causes the

death, then it will be an exception to Section 300 IPC. In the present

case, there is no evidence of grave and sudden provocation. It is not the

case of the defense that an altercation was going on between mother of

Dhamsu and Rukmani, when Dhamsu got enraged and put petrol on

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Rukmani. In fact, dying declaration of Rukmani which has remained

unrebutted, clearly states that on 02.07.2012 Dhamsu alleged that

Rukmani had abused his mother. Thus, aspect of grave and sudden

provocation is missing from the facts of the present case.

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. Exception-2, states that Culpable homicide is not murder if

the offender, in the exercise of good faith exercises right of private

defence of person or property, exceeds the power given to him by law

and causes the death of the person. In the present case, case of the

defense will not even fall under Exception -2 in as much as there is no

plea of right of private defense of person or property on the part of

Dhamsu.

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. Exception-3, talks of public servant and a duty performed by

public servant, resulting in some act. Admittedly, Dhamsu was not a

public servant and was not discharging any public duty at the time of the

incident, therefore, his case will not fall even under exception-3.

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. Exception-4, says that in a sudden fight, without any

premeditation, in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without

the offender having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual

manner, then that act will not be murder but in the present case, it is not

a case of sudden fight. It is not a case of sudden quarrel and in fact,

Dhamsu was already equipped with petrol can and matchbox, therefore,

even that kind of preparation which has come on record, will take away

the case of defense out of the preview of Exception 4.

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31

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. As far as Exception-5 is concerned, culpable homicide is not

murder when the person whose death is caused, being above the age of

eighteen years, suffers death or takes the risk of death with his own

consent. This in our opinion will also not cover the facts of the present

case, therefore, when appellant/defense has failed to make out that case

of the appellant falls under any of the five exceptions, then without

bringing the case within the four corners of any of the five exceptions

merely for the asking, conviction cannot be altered from one under

Section 302 IPC to Section 304 IPC.

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. When, tested in this light, then, the Division Bench of this

High Court in the case of Harji (supra)

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, noted that, injuries were caused

on the head of the deceased by using axe. It only noticed that deceased

died after few days on account of septicemia and therefore, altered the

conviction from one under Section 302 IPC to Section 304 IPC.

However, when we have gone through the complete judgment, we have

failed to note that, Hon'ble Division Bench which delivered the judgment

in the case Harji (supra)

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, pin point as to under which Exception to

Section 300 IPC case of Harji (supra)

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will fall and in our humble

opinion, without making out a case and bringing it within one of the

exception below Section 300 IPC merely for the asking, conviction

cannot be altered from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 IPC.

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. In the case of Badu (supra)

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the prosecution story reveals that,

there was some altercation between the appellant and the deceased, when

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the appellant gave a kick upon her abdomen as a result of which, she fell

down and thereafter, appellant had poured kerosene from the ' kuppi' a

threw a burning matchstick upon her. According to the narration in para-

2, victim died after three months because of septicemia.

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. In that case also, while upholding the finding of the trial

Court that the appellant had poured kerosene and set the victim on fire,

the conviction was altered from Section 302 IPC to Section 326 IPC,

without specifying under which exception the case of the appellant

would fall so as to bring it within any exception to murder as defined

under Section 300 IPC.

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. Similarly, in the decision of Allahabad High Court in the

case of Deepak and another (supra)

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also it is mentioned that, deceased

died after 17 days of the occurrence due to developing the infection in

her burn wound i.e. septicemia and then altered conviction from one

under Section 302 IPC to Section 304 IPC, but nowhere it is mentioned

that under which exception case was considered to have fallen.

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. In view of such facts, in our opinion mechanical application

of judgment of Supreme Court in the case of B.N. Kavatakar & another

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Vs. State of Karnatka 1994 Supp(1) SCC 304

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is not made out because, in

that case, Hon'ble Supreme Court was dealing with a different set of fact.

In that case, trial Court had acquitted the accused persons. High Court

reversed the acquittal and convicted two of the appellants, but not

without acquitting their father by giving him benefit of doubt. Under

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(VIVEK AGARWAL)

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JUDGE

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(RATNESH CHANDRA SINGH BISEN)

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JUDGE

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such facts and circumstances, Hon'ble Supreme Court noted that,

evidence being inadequate and insufficient to warrant the conviction

against the appellants and secondly, if the evidence even is accepted, the

offence would not amount to one punishable under Section 302 read

with Section 34 IPC but would be only under Section 326 read with

Section 34 IPC, altered the findings of the High Court. But, in the

present case, since, defense has failed to point out, as to under which of

the exceptions to Section 300 IPC, case of the appellant will fall and in

our opinion, as discussed above, none of the exceptions are applicable to

the facts and circumstances of the case.

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. We are of the opinion that submission made by learned

counsel for the appellant to alter conviction cannot be accepted

mechanically, as it will not only set a wrong precedent, but also will be

doing injustice to the victim which is an important aspect of

criminology.

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. Therefore, we refuse to show any indulgence. Appeal fails

and is dismissed.

AR

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